Volume 1

A text-book of human physiology : including histology and microscopical anatomy with special reference to the requirements of practical medicine / by L. Landois ; translated from the seventh German edition with additions by William Stirling.

Landois, L. (Leonard), 1837-1902. Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. English

Date:: 1891

Credit: A text-book of human physiology : including histology and microscopical anatomy with special reference to the requirements of practical medicine / by L. Landois ; translated from the seventh German edition with additions by William Stirling. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$Absence of all carbohydrates in the food causes a diminution of the sugar m the blood, b t does not cause it to disappear entirely. [The sugar in the blood is also increased after the nhalation of chloroform or amyl nitrite, and after the use ot curara nitro-benzole and chloial (§ 175) ] An excessive amount of inosite has been found in the blood and urine (§ 267), con- stituting mellitiiria inosita ( FoAZ). T ■ -i ■ f ^. Smia or an increase of the Fat in the Blood, occurs after every meal rich m fat {e.g.,in suS Mttens), so that the serum may become turbid like milk Pathologically this occurs in a hi° h cletree in drunkards and in corpulent individuals. When there is great decomposi- tLn 0 albumin in the body (and therefore'in very severe diseases), the fat in the blond increases and this also takes place after a liberal supply of easily decomposable carbohydrates and much After injuries to bones affecting the marrow, not unfrequently fatty granules pass from the marrow throuoh the imperfect walls of the blood-vessels into the blood-stream Ihese (atty mVicks may forni fat emboli, e.g., in the liver or lungs, or they may appear m the unne. ^ if ™ uls o^^ cinnabar or indigo are injected into the blood, they are taken up by the leulof^trs and by themare carried outside\he blood stream The cells oi the splenic pulp, marrow of bone and the liver also take up these particles (*Szeöc/.)- ^ ,^ , The salts remain very persistently in the blood. The withdrawal of common snl produce^ albuminuria, and, if all salts be withheld, paralytic phenomena occur {Forster). Ovei-feeding w 1 i s^^^^^^ food, such as salt meat, has caused death through fatty degeneration of the tissue , esnecially of the glands. Withdrawal of lime and phosphoric acid produces atrophy and softei - i^of thrbones.^ In infectious diseases and dropsies the salts of the blood are often increased, intl cUminished in inflammation and cholera. [NaCl is absent from t^'e urine in certa^^^^^ stages of pneumonia and it is a good sign when the chlorides begin to return to the uune.J [Ln scurvy ^eToiTUSc^^ elements are diminished in amount, but we have not precise information as to the salts, although this disease is prevented, in persons orced to live upon preserved and sll ed food, by a liberal use of the salts--especially potash salts~of the organic acids, as con- fined in lime-juice. In gout, the blood during an acute attack, and also m chronic gout, ^°^nra^t^rSlSt'il~-^^ inflamn.ations of the lu^g and pleu.,, [cn.upcms pne moTa! erysipelas], hence such blood forms a crusta phlogMua (§ 27). In other disease whenecomposit^ion of the blood-corpuscles occurs, the fibrin is increased, perhaps because the di^^solved reTcorpuscles yield material for the formation of fibrin. After repeated lu-einorrhages slg.rMaw found an increase of fibrin. Blood rich in fibrin is said to coagulate more slowly vera AnUia. or diminution of the quantity of blood as a whole occurs whenever tl ere is Worrhage. Life is endangered in ne\vly born children when they in childre.T a year old, on losing half a pound ; and in adults when one-halt of the total b ood lo Wommen bear'loss of blood nmch better than men. The periodical formation of blood aftei each menstruation seems to enable blood to be renewed more rapid y m their case Stout t,ersonr ol people and chil.lren do not bear the loss of blood w.ll. Tbe more rapidly blood irroX'the mo^^^^ it [A moderate loss of blood is soon made up, but the fiuid part is more auicklv restored than are the corpuscles.] sXtoms o^f Loss of Blood.-Great loss of blood is accompanied by general paleness and cold'iÄhe cutaneous surface, increased oppression, twitching of ears and vertic^o loss of voice, great breathlessness, stoppage of secretions coma ciiiatation oi riÄ-^iuntary evacu^^tions of urine and f.ces, and lastly,, g-^^^^ ^V^^^'^fJ^^of signs of death by hemorrhage. In the gravest cases recovery is only possible by means ot tissut tL Xod-pr^ gradually rises, and then the albumin is restored, though a longer m:Ts\^quired fortr^^ o^red corpuscles. At first, tl-refore the b^^^^^^^^ rich in water (hydrsemia), and at last abnormally poor in corpusc es («l^S^^y^^^^'^' ^^^^^^^^^ iiui in water^^ y lymph-stream which pours into the blood, the colourless corpusc es above normal, and during the period of restitution fewer red corpuscles bulie). With the increased are considerably incr ^^^tS ll^rate ^£L?lvom Li artery in animals, Bunt.en observ^ü^t tW^^^^ the blood was restored in seveml hours ; after more severe hemorrhage m 24 to 48 houis^^^ l ie led b ood-corpuscles, after a loss of blood equal to 1 'l^to 4-4 per ji,*^^^,^^?^^^^^^^^^^ restored only after 7 to 34 days. The regeneration hegms after 24 •innmei ^i iLea^^^^^^ of regeneration the number of the blood-corpuscles in an ear y stage of deve^^P™;^ ^^'^'^^''^t; The newlv-forraed corpuscles contain less Hb than normal {Jac. G. Ott). Even m man tne$