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Formation of the modern state : the Ottoman Empire, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries / Rifaʻat Ali Abou-El-Haj.

A Christian man being shaved while a Turk sharpens his scimitar on a whetstone behind; representing the exposure of Europe to a Turkish invader. Engraving.

A Christian man being shaved while a Turk sharpens his scimitar on a whetstone behind, surrounded by representations of virtues and proverbs; representing the exposure of Europe to a Turkish invader. Engraving.

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Formation of the modern state : the Ottoman Empire, sixteenth to eighteenth centuries / Rifaʻat Ali Abou-El-Haj.

A Christian man being shaved while a Turk sharpens his scimitar on a whetstone behind; representing the exposure of Europe to a Turkish invader. Engraving.

A Christian man being shaved while a Turk sharpens his scimitar on a whetstone behind, surrounded by representations of virtues and proverbs; representing the exposure of Europe to a Turkish invader. Engraving.