Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: A text-book of pathology / by Alfred Stengel. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
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![bleed; hemoptysis, hemorrhage from the lungs; hematemesis, from the stomach ; enterorrhagia, from the bowel; metrorrhagia, uterine hemorrhage between, and menorrhagia at, the menses. Hemorrhages into the tissues take their names from the size and nature of the lesion. A hemorrhagic infiltration beneath a surface, as of the skin or mucous membrane, is called an ecchymosis, which if small and well defined is a petechia, but if large and diffuse, a suggillation or suffmion. A distinct accumulation of blood, constituting a veritable blood-tumor, is known as-a hemoj- toma. Infiltrations of a peculiar sort, involving localized portions of a tissue or organ, are known as hemorrhagic infarcts {q. v.). Results of Hemorrhage.—A very large hemorrhage may- lead to sudden death by cerebral anemia.. More frequently the patient remains unconscious for a time and then slowly recovers. The hemorrhage ceases spontaneously by the diminution in heart- action, by clotting of the blood at the point of rupture, by retrac- tion of the elastic vessels, and by pressure of the surrounding tissues. Blood extravasated in the tissues soon coagulates and subsequently undergoes disorganization, the red corpuscles break- ing down into pigment-matter, Avhich may be carried away or deposited at the seat of hemorrhage. The fluid elements may be completely absorbed, or, stained with coloring-matter, may reinain as a cyst. A focus of hemorrhage may set up reactive inflam- mation and lead to encapsulation by new connective tissue. Some- times hemorrhagic accumulations become inspissated and undergo calcification. Blood in the serous sacs does not readily coagulate, but mingles with the normal liquid secretion. It may be grad- ually absorbed or may undergo degenerative changes, especially when infected by micro-organisms. Large hemorrhages cause acute anemia; repeated small extravasations may lead to profound sec- ondary anemia. (These conditions will be more fully discussed under Diseases of the Blood.) EMBOLISM. ^Embolism is the process in which foreign bodies of various kinds are carried in the blood and deposited in the smaller arteries or capillaries through which their size does not permit them to pass. The bodies deposited are called emboli. Sources and Nature of Bmboli.—The most common form of embolism is that in which portions of thrombi situated in the heart, the large veins of the extremities or pelvis, or on ather- omatous patches in the aorta, are swept into the circulation and lodge in the smaller vessels. Softening of the original thrombus is generally the immediate cause. More rarely ]iortions of a dis- eased heart-valve or of the intiinu of the heart or arteries, liver or placental cells, or jiarts of tumors, are carried in the cinndatiou](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b21981668_0053.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
