The elements of experimental chemistry (Volume 1).

  • Henry, William, 1774-1836.
Date:
Nov. 1814
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: The elements of experimental chemistry (Volume 1). Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

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    introduced at first, it is done either through the tubulure, or, if in- to a plain retort, through the funnel, fig. 10. To the retort, a receiver is a necessary appendage ; and this may either be plain, fig. 1. 6, or tubulated, as shown by the dotted lines at c. To some receivers a pipe is added (fig. 13), 6, which may enter partly into a bottle beneath. This vessel, which is principally useful for enabling us to remove the distilled liquid, at different periods of the process, is termed a quilled receiver. For some purposes, it is expedient to have the quilled part accurately ground to the neck of the bottle, c, which should then be furnish- ed with a tubulure, or second neck, having a ground stopper, and should be provided, also, with a bent tube, to be occasionally ap- plied, for conveying away any gases that may be produced. The condensation of the vapour is much facilitated, by lengthening the neck of the retort with an adojiter (fig. 11), the wider end of which slips over the retort neck, while its narrow extremity is admitted into the mouth of the receiver. (See fig. 63.) Heat may be applied to the retort in several modes. When the vessel is of earthen ware, and when the distilled substance re- quires a strong heat to raise it into vapour, the naked fire is appli- ed, as shown fig. 63. Glass retorts are generally placed in heat- ed sand (fig. 59) ; and, when of a small size, the flame of an Ar- gand's lamp, cautiously regulated, may be conveniently used (fig. 13). In several instances,the substance raised by distillation is part- ly a condensable liquid, and partly a gas, which is not condensed till it is brought into contact with water. To effect this double purpose, a series of receivers, termed Woulfe's .Apjiaratus, is employed. The firt receiver (3, fig. 30) has a right-angled glass tube, open at both ends, fixed into its tubulure ; and the other ex- tremity of the tube is made to terminate beneath the surface of distilled water, contained, as high as the horizontal dotted line, m the three-necked bottle c. From another neck of this bottle, a sec- ond pipe proceeds, which ends,like the first,under water, contained in a second bottle d. To the central neck a straight tube, open at both ends, is fixed, so that its lower end may be a little beneath the surface of the liquid. Of these bottles any number may be employed that is thought necessary. The materials being introduced into the retort, the arrange- ment completed, and the joints secured in the manner to be pre-