A dictionary of chemistry, on the basis of Mr. Nicholson's: in which the principles of the science are investigated anew, and its applications to the phenomena of nature, medicine, mineralogy, agriculture, and manufactures, detailed (Volume 2).

  • Ure, Andrew, 1778-1857.
Date:
1821
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: A dictionary of chemistry, on the basis of Mr. Nicholson's: in which the principles of the science are investigated anew, and its applications to the phenomena of nature, medicine, mineralogy, agriculture, and manufactures, detailed (Volume 2). Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

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    by flattening them, to the joining's of the ves- sels, which ought to be perfectly dry, because the least moisture would prevent the lute from adhering-. When the joinings are well closed with this fat lute, the whole is to be covered with slips of linen spread with lute of lime and whites of eg-gs. These slips are to be fastened with packthread. The se- cond lute is necessary to keep on the- fat lute, because this latter remains soft, and does not become solid enough to stick on alone. Fine porcelain clay, mixed with a solution of borax, is well adapted to iron vessels, the part received into an aperture being-smear- ed with it. Ltcop'iuoi. The fine dust of lycopodi- um, or clubmoss, is properly the seeds of the plant, and when diffused or strewed in the air, it takes lire from a candle, and burns oft' like a flash of lightning-. It is used in the London theatres. * Lyman Stone. Flinty slate. * * Lxthuddes. See SCAPOUTK,* M MACEUATION. The steeping- of a bo- dy in a cold liquor. M vn!iK:t, a substance very extensively em- ployed in dyeing, is the root of the rubia tinctowim. Although madder will grow both in a stiff clayey sod, and in sand, itsucceeds better in a moderately rich, soft, and somen hat sandy soil i it is cultivated in many of tiie provinces of France, in Alsace, Normandy, and Pro- vence : the best of F.uropean growth is that which comes from Zealand. The best roots are about the thickness of a goose quill, or at most of the little finger; they are semi-transparent, and of a reddish colour; they have a strong smell, and the bark is smooth. llellot ascribes the superiority of the mad- der which comes from the Levant to the cir- cumstance of its having been dried in the open air. The red colouring matter of madder may be dissolved in alcohol, and on evaporation, a residuum of a deep red is left. Fixed al- kali forms in this solution a violet, the sul- phuric acid a fawn-coloured, and the sul- phate of potash a fine red precipitate. Pre- cipitates of various shades may be obtained by alum, nitre, chalk, sugar of lead, and the muriate of tin. The quantity of aqueouschlorine required to destroy the colour of a decoction of mad- der, is double what is necessary to destroy that of a decoction of an equal weight of brazil wood. Wool would receive from madder only a perishable dye, if the colouring particles Mere not fixed by a base, which occasions them to combine with the stuft' more inti- mately, and which in some measure defends them from the destructive influence of the air. For this purpose, the woollen stuffs are first boiled for two or three hours with alum and tartar, after which they are left to drain; they are then slightly wrung and put into a linen bag, and carried into a cool place, where they are suffered to remain for some days. The quantities of alum and tartar, as well as their proportions, vary much in different, manufactories, llellot recommends five ounces of alum and one ounce of tartar to each pound of wool. If the proportion of tartar be increased to a certain degree, in- stead of a red, a deep and durable cinnamon colour is produced; because, as we have seen, acids have a tendency to give a yel- low tinge to the colouring particles of mad- der. Berthollet found, that, by employing one-half tartar, the colour sensibly bordered more on the cinnamon than when the pro- portion was only one-fourth of the alum. In dyeing with madder, the bath must not be permitted to boil, because that de- gree of heat would dissolve the fawn-co- loured particles, which are less soluble than the red, and the colour would be different from that which we wish to obtain. The quantity of madder which Mr. Poer- ner employs is only one-third of the weight of the wool, and SchaeflTer advises only one- fourth. If wool be boiled for two hours with one- fourth of sulphate of iron, then washed, and afterward put intocold water with one-fourth of madder, and then boded for an hour, a coffee colour is produced. Bergmann adds, that, if the wool have not been soaked, and if it be dyed with one part of sulphate of iron and two of madder, the brown obtained bor- ders upon a red. Berthollet employed a solution of tin in various ways, both in the preparation and in the maddering of cloth. He used different solutions of tin, and found that the tint was always moreyelloworfawn-coloured,though sometimes brighter than that obtained by the common process. Mr. tauhliche describes a process for dye- ing silk with madder: for one pound of silk he orders a bath of four ounces of alum, and one ounce of a solution of tin ; the liquor is to be left to settle, when it is to be decanted, and the silk carefully soaked in it, and left for twelve hours; and after this preparation, it is to be immersed in a bath containing half a pound of madder softened by boiling with an infusion of galls in white wine ; this