A dictionary of chemistry, on the basis of Mr. Nicholson's: in which the principles of the science are investigated anew, and its applications to the phenomena of nature, medicine, mineralogy, agriculture, and manufactures, detailed (Volume 2).

  • Ure, Andrew, 1778-1857.
Date:
1821
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: A dictionary of chemistry, on the basis of Mr. Nicholson's: in which the principles of the science are investigated anew, and its applications to the phenomena of nature, medicine, mineralogy, agriculture, and manufactures, detailed (Volume 2). Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

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    bath is to be kept moderately hot for an hour, after which it is to be made to bod for two minutes. When taken from the bath, the silk is to be washed in a stream of wa- ter, and dried in the sun. Mr. Guhliche compares the olour thus obtained, which is very permanent, to the Turkey-red. If the galls be left out, the colour is clearer. A great degree of brightness may be commu- nicated to the first of these, by afterward passing it through a bath of brazil wood, to which one ounce of solution of tin has been added the colour thus obtained, he says, is very beautiful and durable. The madder red of cotton is distinguished into two kinds : one is called simple madder red; the other, which is much brighter, is cailed Turkey or Adrianople red, because it comes from the Levant, and has seldom been equalled in brightness or durability by our artists. Galls or sumach dispose thread and cotton to receive the madder colour, and the pro- per mordant is acetate of alumina. The nitrate and muriate of iron as a mor- dant, produces a better effect than the sul- phate and acetate of the same metal; they afford a beautiful, well saturated violet co- lour. The Adrianople red possesses a degree of brightness, which it is difficult for us to ap- proach by any of the processes hitherto mentioned, Some years ago, Mr. Papillon set up a dyeliouse for this red at Glasgow ; and in 1790 the commissioners for manufactures in Scotland paid him a premium, for communi- cating his process to the late Prof. Black, on condition of its not being divulged for a cer- tain term of years. The time being expired, it has been made public, and is as follows:— Step. I.—For 100 lbs of cotton, you must have 100 lb. of Alicant barilla, 20 lb. of pearl ashes, 100 lb. of quicklime. The barilla is to be mixed with soft water in a deep tub, which has a small hole near the bottom of it, stopped at first with a peg. This hole is to be covered in the inside with a cloth supported by two bricks, that the ashes may be prevented from running out at it, or stopping it up, while the ley filters through it. Under this tub must be another, to receive the ley, and pure water is to be passed repeatedly through the first tub, to form leys of different strength, which are kept separate until their strength is ex- amined. The strongest required for use must float an egg, and is called the ley of six degrees of the French hydrometer. The weaker are afterwards brought to this strength by passing them through fresh barilla; but a certain quantity of the weak, which is of two degrees of the above hydro- meter, is reserved for dissolving the oil, the gum, and the salt, which are used in subse- quent parts of the process. This ley of two degrees is called the weak barilla liquor , the other the strong. Dissolve the pearl ashes m ten pails, of four gallons each, of soft water, and the lime in fourteen pails. Let all the liquors stand till thc\ b quite clear, and then Mix ten pails of each. Jioil (he cotton in this mixture live hours, then wash it in running water, and dry it. Step II. Bain bis, or Gray steep.—Takes sufficient quantity (ten pads) of the strong barilla water in a tub, and mix with it two pailfuls of sheep's dung; then pour into it two quart bottles of sulphuric acid, one pound of gum-arabic, and one pound of sal ammoniac, both previously dissolved in a sufficient quantity of weak barilla water; and, lastly, twenty-five pounds of olive oil, previously dissolved, or well mixed with two pails of the weak barilla water. The materials of this steep being1 well mixed, tread down the cotton into it until it is well soaked; let it steep twenty-four hours, then wring it hard and dry it. Steep it again twenty-four hours, and again wring and dry it. Steep it a third time twenty-four hours, after which wring and dry it; and, lastly, wash it well and dry it. Step. III. The white steep.—This part of the process is precisely the same with the last in every particular, except that the sheep's dung is omitted in the composition of the steep. Step. IV. Gall steep.^Boil twenty-five pounds of bruised galls in ten pails of river water, until four or five are boiled away; strain the liquor into a tub, and pour cold water on the galls in the strainer to wash out of them all their tincture. As soon as the liquor is become milk- warm, dip your cotton, hank by hank, hand- ling it carefully all the time, and let it sleep twenty-four hours. Then wring it care- fully and equally, and dry it well without washing. Step. V. First alum steep.—Dissolve twen- ty-five pounds of Roman alum in fourteen pails of warm water, without making it boil, scum the liquor well, add two pails of strong barilla water, and then let it cool until it is lukewarm. Dip your cotton, and handle it hank by hank, and let it steep twenty-four hours; wring it equally, and dry it well without washing. Step. VI. Second alum steep.—This is in erery particular like the last; but after the cotton is dry, steep it six hours in the river, and then wash and dry it. Step. VII. Dyeing steep. - The cotton is dyed by about ten pounds at once, for which take about two gallons and a half of bul- locks' blood, mix it in the copper with twen- ty-eight pails of milk-warm water, stir it well, add twenty-five pounds of madder, and