Introduction to the study of organic chemistry : a text-book for students in the universitites and technical schools / by John Wade.

  • Wade, John.
Date:
1898
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Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Introduction to the study of organic chemistry : a text-book for students in the universitites and technical schools / by John Wade. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    446/490 (page 424)
    CHAPTER, XXII Glycerol.—Saponify fat (ch. ix.) and distil lye with steam. Evap. distil- late on w.-b. Test syrupy residue for glycerol, comparing witb commercial sample. Qualitative Tests for Glycerol (p. 129).—Syrupy; sweet. Residue ou w.-b. Heated with excess of dry potassium hydrogen sulphate, turns brown and gives pungent acrolein, which collected in water reduces silver, and resinities witb soda. [ <>■-Dichlor hydrin.—16c.c. dry glycerol (heated in flask at 175°); 35 c.c. sul- phur monochloride (from melted sulphur and dry chlorine—distils over— redistil—b.-pt. 139°). Reflux on w.-b. Note b.-pt. and chlorine flame.] [Hydrolysis of a-Dichlorhydrm. — Boil 3 c.c. in reflux appts. with 5 grams caustic soda in 50 c.c. water. Steam distil glycerol and test. Test residue for chlorides.] [Glyceric Acid.—30 c.c. glycerol and 3S c.c. water; 26 c.c. red nitric acid, sp. gr. 1‘5. Note acidity of product.] CHAPTER XXIII Allyl Alcohol.—20 grams cryst. oxalic acid, 30 c.c. glycerol, 4 gram ammo- nium chloride. Collect formic acid apart. A second quantity of oxalic acid to residue and again distil. Note b.-pt., sp.-gr., action of acetyl chloride (fragrant acetate) and bromine water. Oxidise a little to acrolein with chromic acid mixture. Acrolein.—5 grams glycerol. Distil from test tube with bent tube to con- denser. Dissolve crude product in water and filter. Note odour, silver, rosaniline, resin and action of bromine water. [.Acrylic Acid.—From 10 c.c. acrolein as directed. Note acidity and action of bromine water.] [Oleic Acid.—Freeze stearin from olive oil, and saponify 10 c.c. olein with 10 grams litharge and 200 c.c. water in reflux apparatus (oilbath). When oil has disappeared, wash and dry soap (test soln. for glycerol), and powder and extract with ether. Filter. Separate ole'ic acid as directed. Note action of bromine water.] CHAPTER XXIV [.Lactic Acid.—100 grams .loaf sugar, 0'5 gram tartaric acid, in 500 c.c. water. At same time leave 150 c.c. skim milk to turn sour and 4 grams of moistened cheese to putrefy in a warm place. After a week add these and 60 grams powdered zinc carbonate. Not above 30° or 35°.] Solid Formula}. — Cut out cardboard equilateral triangle, 2-inch sides. Bisect sides. Join up points of bisection. Score with penknife along sides of inner equilateral triangle thus formed, and fold up to tetrahedron. Fasten with sealing wax. Indicate groups by flag labels fastened to apices with pins. Try superposition and mirror relations. CHAPTER XXV [Ethyl Acetoacetate.—8 grams sodium, bright and clean ; 80 c.c. dry ethyl acetate. 25 c.c. glacial acetic acid and same vol. water, or equivalent amount of B.P. acid. Yield 35% on acetate not recovered.] [Distillation under Reduced Pressure.—To stop bumping, bubbles of air slowly passed through liquid from drawn out jet just touching bottom of flask. Stream regulated by clamp at top (above thermometer, Fig. 9).] [Acetoacetic Synthesis of Butyric Acid.—Ethyl iodide made in same way as bromide, but action quiet. Calc, quantities. 5 c.c. acetoacetate; calcu- lated quants, of other materials. Recognise butyric acid by odour, b.-pt. and calcium salt.] [Ethyl Malonate. —30 grams chloraceticacid,60c.e. water ; powdered wash- ing soda until neutral. 25 grams powdered pure crystallised cyanide. Boil