Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: Elements of chemistry / by Thomas Thomson, M.D. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)
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![SECTION IV. Of the Effects of Caloric. The changes wind) caloric produces on bodies mav be nr- ranged under three different heads j namely, 1, Changes in bulk; 2, Changes in state j and 3, Changes in combination. 1. Changes in I Every addition or abstraction of heat produces a correspond- ing eh-.nire in tiic bulk of tlie body affected. In general the addition of heat produces expansion, and the abstraction of it produces a diminution or buik. To this general law there are perhaps one or two exceptions. The expansion of gas. is greatest, that of liquids much smaller, and , , ,,{ an. Thus one hundred i , of air by being heated from 32° to 212° expand to 137.5 inches. The same augmentation of tempera- ture makes one hunched ei s of iron by the same in- crease of temperature expand only to 100.1 inches. All gases undergo the same expansion by the same augment- ation of temperature, and the same contraction by the same di- minution of temperature. This change is nearly c quable, though it is a little less at high temperatures than at low. From the most exact experiments hitherto made, we mai conclude that air ■' 1-481th part of their bulk for every degree of heat thrown into them. From the experiments of Gay-Lussac, it appears that the steam of water and the vapoui i f ( ther undergo the same dila- hon ;is :' r tempera- ture linnet: it is : e to conclude, that all elastic fluids expand equa The expansion o , i]akh not only in quantity, but in Ever. y' rluil1 i°n °* its own, different from that of <:vt'- ' ' i ivhen the tern- perature is high, than when it is low. Alcohol expands most of all the liquids hitherto tried. 101 , 0f it at 32° become 144,162 at 100°. Nitric acid is the next in ordei, then linseed oil, then oil of turpentine, then ! ,jd then p, and mercury is the leas, expan thc squids hi- tueito tried. L The solids expand much less than the liquids. As far as ob- scn' one, their e table, or at least their deviation from it is insensil 000 parts of glass at 32 deg become 100,083 at 212 deg. The order of the expan. sibihty ol the principal metals is as follows, beginning with the](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b21159622_0078.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
