The main drainage of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster, on the Shone hydro-pneumatic system, with drawings and hydraulic sewerage table (for office reference for architects and engineers) explanatory of scientific and sanitary drainage / by Isaac Shone.

  • Shone, Isaac
Date:
New York : $bE. & F.N. Soon,
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Credit: The main drainage of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster, on the Shone hydro-pneumatic system, with drawings and hydraulic sewerage table (for office reference for architects and engineers) explanatory of scientific and sanitary drainage / by Isaac Shone. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service. The original may be consulted at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service.

    85/90
    Showing1 the Velocities and be TABLE (FOR PRACTICAL REFERENCE), Quantities discharged by Sewer Pipes, running full, with various heads, and the Populations for which suitable, allowing 2\ and 4 cubic feet (or 15 and 25 gallons) per head, per diem, respectively. ISAAC SHONE, C.E., P.G.S. the same would By SIZE OF PIPE. 4 Inch. 5 Inch. 6 Inch. 7 Inch. 8 Inch. 9 iNon. 10 Inch. 9 = = 5 i‘ £ 5 S 5 o If 7' = ^ j? § S | 21 i > | a E .£ S s I £ Number of Population for which the pipe would be suitable at the various velocities, Sc., allowing velocity in icct | per Becdiia. Volume in cubic feet per iniunto. Number of Population for which the pipe would bo suitable at the various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet per second. Volume in cubic feet per minute. Numbor of Population for which the pipo would bo suitablo at the various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet per second. Volume in cubic feet per minute. Number of Population for which the pipo would bo suitablo at the various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet 1 per second. Volume in cubit feet per minute. Number of Population for which the pipo would bo suitablo at tlio various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet per second. Volume in cubic feet per minute. Number of Population for which the pipe would bo suitablo at tho various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet Tier second. Volume in cubic feet i per minute. 1 Numbor of Population for which tho pipo would be suitablo at th various velocities, &c., allowing Velocity in feet per second. feei. lhs. 1 in. feet. feet. c. feet. 21 cubic feet per head per diem. cubic .feet perhead per diem. Fett. c. feet. \ cubic feet per head per diem. 4 cubic feet per head per diem. feet. c. feet. 2| cubic feet per head por diom. 4 cubic feet por head por diem. feet. c. foot. cubic fee per head per diem. 4 cubic feet por head por diem. feet. c. feet. cubic fee per head per diem. 4 cubic feet per bond por diem. foot. c. feet. 2J oubic fco per head per diom. 4 cubic feet perhead per diom. fei t c. foot. 2J cubic fe perhead per diem t 4 cubic fee per head por diem. feet. (a) (b) (c) (d) a) (2) (3) | (4) O) (2) (3) (4) U) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) |(2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4) a> (2) (3) (4) (1) 1S2 57-29 40 1-65 41S7 21-9 7,00S 4,SS0 •6S 3S-3 12,256 7,660 5T3 60-4 19,32S 12,080 5-54 S8-8 28,416 17,760 6-11 124 39,680 24,800 105-6 4 5 S3 50 1-32 S-745 19-6 6,272 3,920 .-19 34-25 10,960 6,850 4-585 54-02 17.2S6 10,804 4-95 79-42 25,414 15,884 5-468 110-89 35,485 22,178 SS 3S19-2 60 l-ll 3-419 17-9 5,72S S,5S0 PS2 31-26 10,003 6,252 4TS6 49-31 15,779 9,862 4-52 72-5 23,200 14,500 4-992 101-23 32,394 20,246 75'4 S2-72 70 -943 3 165 16’56 5,300 8,312 P54 2S-94 9,261 5,7SS 3-875 45-65 14,60S 9,130 4-186 67-11 21,475 13,422 4-621 93-7 29,984 18,740 4-746 125-79 40,253 25,158 5-CO 1637 52,384 32,740 5-48 66 2S-644 SO ■S25 2-961 15-5 4,960 3,100 3*31 27 07 S,662 5,414 3,625 4271 13,667 8,542 3-916 62-79 20,093 12,658 4-323 87-67 28,054 17,534 4-435 117-69 37,661 23,538 4-es 153-15 49,008 30,630 5T27 5S-7 25 476 90 -733 2-792 14-6 4,672 2,920 5T22 25-5 8,160 5,100 3-419 40-28 12,890 S,056 3-693 59-21 18,944 11,842 4-077 82-68 26,458 16,536 4-187 110-99 35,517 22,198 4‘414 144-43 46,218 28,886 4-835 52-S 22-915 100 •66 2-64S 13 S6 4,435 2,772 2-961 24-22 7,750 4,S44 3-242 38-2 12,224 7,640 3-503 56-16 17,971 11,232 3-867 78-41 25,091 15,682 3-971 105-26 33,683 21,052 4-lSt 136-98 43,834 27,396 4-585 So-2 15-277 150 •44 2T62 11-32 3,622 2,26S 2-417 19-77 6,326 3,954 2-647 31-19 9,981 6,238 2-86 45-85 14,672 9,170 3-158 64-02 20,486 12,804 3-242 S5-95 27,504 17,190 3-dkg 111-85 35,892 22,370 3-744 264 11-458 200 3S 1-S73 9-S 3,136 1,960 2-094 17-12 5,478 3,424 2-293 27-01 8,643 5,402 2-477 39-71 12,707 7,942 2734 55-45 17,744 11,090 2-808 74-43 23,818 14,886 2-960 96-86 30,995 19,372 3-242 211 9T57 250 •264 1-674 8-76 2,803 . 1,752 1-872 15-31 4,900 3,062 2-05 24-15 7,728 4,830 2-214 35-5 11,360 • 7,100 2-444 49-57 15,862 9,914 2-510 66-54 21,293 13,308 2-616 86-59 27,709 17,318 2-899 17-6 7 63S 300 •22 1-529 s-o 2,560 1,600 1-71 13-98 4,474 2,796 1-S72 22-05 7,056 4,410 2-022 32-35 10,352 6,470 2-232 45-27 14,486 9,054 2-293 60-77 19,446 12,154 2-417 79-09 25,309 15,818 2-647 15*1 6‘55 3 350 •18S6 1-416 7-41 2,371 1,4S2 1-5S4 12-95 4,144 2,590 1-734 20-43 6,538 4,0S6 1-873 30-03 9,610 6,006 2-068 41-93 13,422 8,386 2-124 56-29 18,013 11,258 2-239 73-25 23,440 14,650 2-452 13-2 5 T29 400 ‘165 1-324 6-94 2,221 1,388 1-4S1 12-11 3,875 2,422 1-621 19-1 6,112 3,8^0 1-751 28-08 8,98 5,616 1-933 39-21 12,547 7,842 1-986 52-63 16,842 10,526 2-0)3 68-49 21,917 13,698 2-293 12 5-208 440 •15 1-262 6-61 2,115 ],322 1-412 11-54 3,693 2,308 1-546 1S-21 5.S27 3,642 1-67 26-77 8,566 5,354 1-S43 37-38 11,961 7,476 1-893 50-18 16,058 10,036 1-906 65-30 20,896 13,060 2-186 11 4-774 4S0 •1375 1-209 6-33 2,026 1,266 1-351 11-05 3,536 2,210 1*48 17-44 5,581 3,488 1-599 25-63 8,202. 5,126 1-765 35-79 11,453 7,158 1-813 48-05 15,376 9,610 1-931 62-52 20,006 12,504 2-093 10-56 4-583 500 -132 1-184 6-20 1,9S4 1,240 1-324 10-83 3,466 2,166 1-45 17-08 5,466 3,416 1-566 25-12 8,03 5,024 1-729 35-07 11,222 7,014 1-776 47-07 15,062 9,414 1 8 :2 61-26 19,603 12,252 2-051 10 4-34 528 •125 1-152 6-03 1,929 1,206 1-2S9 10-54 3,373 2,108 1-411 16-62 5,318 3,324 1-524 24-44 7,82 4,888 1-683 34-12 10,918 6,824 1-728 45-81 14,659 9,162 1-8 2 59-61 19,075 11,922 1-995 9 3-906 5S6-7 •1125 1-09F. 5'72 1,830 1,144 1-222 io-o 3,200 2,000 1-339 1577 5,046 3,154 1-446 23-19 7,42 4,638 1-596 32-37 10,358 6,474 1-639 43-46 13,907 8,692 1-728 56-55 18,096 11,310 1-893 S-8 3-819 600 •11 1-081 5-66 1,811 1,132 i-io9 9-S9 3,166 1,978 1-323 15-59 4,989 3,118 1-43 22-93 7,33 4,586 1-579 32-01 10,243 6,402 1-621 42-97 13,750 8,594 1-709 55-92 17,894 11,184 1-S72 8 3-472 660 •1 1-031 5-40 1,728 1,080 1-155 9-43 3,01S 1,886 1-262 14-87 4,758 2,974 1-363 21-86 6,99 4,372 1-505 30-52 9,766 6,104 1-546 40-97 13,110 8,194 i-ep 53-32 17,062 10,664 1-785 7 ‘54 3-272 700 •0943 1-001 5-24 1,677 1,048 2,928 1,830 1 -225 14-44 4,62f 2,883 1-324 21-22 6,790 4,244 1-461 29-63 9,4S2 5,926 1-508 3978 12,729 7,956 1-532 51-76 16,563 10,352 1-733 7-0 3-0-38 754 0875 1-078 8-82 2,822 1,764 1-181 13-91 4,451 2,782 1-275 20-45 6,544 4,090 1-408 28-55 9,136 5,710 1-446 38-33 12,266 7,666 7,1, 49-88 15,962 9,976 1-670 6-6 2-864 800 •0825 1-047 8-56 2,739 1,712 1-146 13-50 4,320 2,700 1-238 19-85 6,352 3,970 1-367 27-72 8,870 5,544 1-404 37-22 11,910 7,444 1-480 48-43 15,498 9,686 1-621 6-0 2-604 880 075 998 8-16 2,611 1,632 1-093 12-88 4,122 2,576 1-181 18-93 6,058 3,786 1-303 26-43 8,458 5,286 1-339 35-4S 11,354 7,096 1-411 46-18 14.77S 9,236 1-546 5’87 2-54S 900 •0734 1-081 12-74 4,077 2,548 1-168 1S-72 5,990 3,744 1-289 26-15 8,368 5,230 1-324 35-10 11,232 7,020 1-396 45-67 14,614 9,134 1-529 5'5 2-387 960 •0687 1-046 12-33 3,946 2,466 1-130 18T25 5,800 3,625 1-248 25-31 8,099 5,062 1-282 33-97 10,870 6,794 1*351 44-21 14,147 8,842 1-48 5-28 2-292 1000 •066 1-023 12-08 3,866 2,416 1-108 17-76 5,683 3,502 1-223 24-80 7,936 4,960 1-256 33-29 10,653 6,658 1-324 43-32 13,862 8,664 ■450 5-0 2-170 1056 •0625 •998 11-75 3,760 2,350 1-078 17-28 5,529 3,456 1-190 24-13 7,722 4,826 1-222 32-39 10,365 6,478 1-288 42-15 13,488 S,430 •411 4 1-736 I 1320 ■05 ■964 15-46 4,947 3,092 1-064 21-58 6,906 4,316 1-093 28-97 9,270 5,794 1-152 37-70 12,064 7,540 •262 3 1-302 1760 -0375 •947 25-09 8,029 5,018 ■9?8 32-65 10,44S 6,530 •093 2 •868 2640 ■025 1 •434 5280 •0125 c. feet. (2) 241-59 227-84 216-08 176-43 152-79 136-60 Number of Population for which the pipe would be suitable at the various velocities, &c. allowing !i cubic feet per bead 4 cubic feet per bead per diem. 15 Inch. 59-47 51-51 26,915 26,131 25,178 24,448 23,309 23,056 23,317 21,866 21,277 19,030 16,483 16,822 16,332 15,736 15,280 14,568 14,410 13,948 13,666 13,298 11,894 10,302 c. feet. (2) Number of Population for which thfs pipe would be suitable at the various velocities, &c., 2} cubic feet per head per diem. i cubic feet per head WREXHAM, June, 1879. c. feet. (2) 77,308 48,318 72,908 45,568 5-406 398-01 69,146 43,216 5-127 377-48 56,458 35,286 4-186 308-2 48,893 30,558 3-626 266-92 43,712 27,320 3-241 238-63 39,920 24,950 2-960 217-94 36,979 23,112 2-742 201-87 34,573 21,608 2-564 188-74 32,963 20,602 2-444 179-96 31,562 19,726 2-340 172-30 30,922 19,326 2-293 168-SI 30,093 18,808 2-231 164-28 28,547 17,842 2-117 155-85 28,227 17,642 2-093 154-11 127,363 120,794 85,414 76,363 69,741 64,598 60,397 57,587 55,136 54,019 52,569 49,872 49,315 79,602 75,496 61,640 53,384 47,726 43,588 40,374 37,748 35,992 34,460 33,762 32,856 31,170 30,822 4-586 3-971 3-551 243 3-004 2-S08 2-677 2-564 2-512 •444 •319 Number of Population for which the pipe would be suitable at the various velocities, &c., allowing 2} cubic feet 4 cubic feet per head perhead per diem. 1 per diem. ■M SIZE OF PIPE. !■ 3 , 2 : i a -S ! 486-19 421 -05 376-42 343-79 318-43 297-72 283-87 271-79 266-30 259-14 245-84 243-09 I 132 105-6 3 .5 o If2 (b) I | 3 I 155,581 134,736 120,454 110,013 101,897 95,270 86,973 85,216 82,925 78,668 77,7S9 972,380 84,210 75,284 68,758 63,686 59,544 56,774 54,358 53,260 51,828 49,16S 48,618 21 17 15 13' 12 11 10-56 10 57-29 45-83 38-192 32-72 28-644 25-476 22-915 15-277 11-458 9-157 7-638 6-553 5729 5-208 4-774 4-583 4-34 8-8 3-819 ) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 440 480 500 528 586-7 600 feet. (d) 1-65 1-32 I'll ■943 •825 •733 •44 1 146-93 47,017 ^ ^9,386 2-186 231-78 74,169 1 46,356 I 8 3-472 660 •1 142-65 45,648 j ^8,530 2-122 225-02 72,006 45,004 j 7- 54 3-272 700 •0943 137-44 43,981 27,488 2-045 216-81 69,379 43,362 7-0 3-038 754 •0875 133-46 42,708 | 23,692 1-986 210-52 67,366 42,104 6-6 2-864 800 ■0825 127-25 40,720 j 25,450 1-893 200 73 64,233 40,146 6-0 2-604 8S0-0 •075 125-86 40,275 25,172 1-873 198 54 63,533 39,708 5-87 2-548 900 •0734 121 -83 38,986 21,366 L-S13 192-18 61,497 38,436 5-5 2-387 960 •0687 119-37 38,198 23,874 •776 188-30 60,256 37,660 5-28 2-292 1000 ■066 116-16 37,172 23,232 •728 183-24 58,637 36,648 | 5-0 2T70 1056 •0625 103-90 33,248 2), 780 •546 163-89 52,445 32,778 4 1-736 1320 05 89-98 28,794 11,996 •339 141-94 45,421 28,388 3 1-302 1760 •0375 73-47 23,510 11,894 •093 115-89 37,085 23,178 2 •868 2640 •025 51-95 16,624 10,390 •773 81-95 26,224 16,390 1 •434 5280 ■0125 •33 •264 •22 ■1886 •165 •15 •1375 •132 ■125 •1125 •11 fcT The Figures underlined, indicate the velocities at which pipes, of the respective diameters given above, should discharge, when rainfall is admitted into them, in order to render them self-cleansing and free from road detritus, thus shewing that sewer pipes, to convey sewage and rainfall together, should be laid at steeper gradients than when sewage is conveyed alone.—(Vide “Sanitary Engineering” by J. Bailey Denton, C.E., p. 186, and “Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Towns by Geo. E Waring, Jun., C.E., p. 142.) Note.—The fonnulte calculated, are:—for velocity. (deduced from “Box on Hydraulics) from which the above velocities and quantities are ily, (l), j^-373-98g; and for quantity, (2), c=(ii^L^_ j^-6'233 ; in which a = sectional area of pipe, in square feet; d = diameter of pipe, in inches; v = velocity, in feet per second ; C = discharge, in cubic feet per minute; H = head, in feet; and L = length, in yards. III. For any other quantities per head per diem thau those given in the table, in any Columns (3) or (4), use the following formula, (3), P =.- ^ ^; EXAMPLES TO ILLUSTRATE USE OF TABLES. I. Let it he desired o ascertain the size and inclination of a pipe running full, at say a velocity of 3 feet Tier i.eond, to convey the sewage of a population of 20,000, allowing (a) cubic feet, and (b) 4 cubic feet, per head per diem respectively. l or (a) look in any Column (3) of the table, until the nearest number to the given population is found; opposite to the required velocity, in the corresponding Column (1), the size of the pipe will then be found above (at the head of the column), and the gradient on the same line, in Column (c); for the population given, allowing 2J cubic feet per head per diem, the size of pipe, per table, is 8 inches, and tlie gradient 1 in 150. For (b) look in any Column (4) of the table, and proceed as above; then for the population, and velocity givrn. allowing 4 cubic feet per head per diem, the size ol pipe is found by inspection to be 10 inches, and the inclination 1 in 200. II.—If it be desired to ascertain the size, &c., of a pipe running half full, then double the given population, and proceed as before. For the [0 - ’ “ - 1 the sizes nnrl iv.,.!:,,..*:-. > - in this case, by the table, to be U of 1 in 300. tain the size, «c., ol a pipe running muj j <LI > uouuie the given population, population and quantities given above, the sizes and inclinations will bo found (a) 12 inches, with a gradient of 1 in 250; and (b) 16 inches, with a gradient where P = the tabular population ; 2> = the given population ; Q — the tabular quantity, per head per diem ; •p , and ? = the given quantity, per head per diem, in cubic feet. „ *'or example, suppose it be required to know the size and inclination of a pipe suitable for a population of 50,000, allowing 5 cubic feet per head per diem, and discharging with a velocity of 3 feet per second ; then by formula (3), 1 2^ — 100,000, and if we look ill the table, under any Column (3), until wo find the and the 1 nclinalioii 1 °in °350°I)p°Site tlle reiluired velocity, we find that the size of the pipe should he 18 inches, ^.V-7^:he velocity in leet per second, Column (1), and discharge in cubic feet per minute, Column (2), for any s^zcd pip^ and inclination, may be found readily by inspection of the tabic, the velocity and discharge being founv-fel0sizdctTonth0 ,, ' I Columns (a) and (b) have been estimated, more 'particularly, for application in connection with the Snii'Q'££m1C Evidence re Pneumatic Sanitary v. Insanitary Sewerage— H .SE»e..m ■■ published by Messrs. E. and F. N. Spoil); they give the head, iu feet, or pressure, jj ’ ‘r jo propel the sewage with the required velocity, or in lbs. per square inch, necessary to be applied,’ in order to propel the sew SaSllfo^T1 }T °De “ile,in of any diameter, i mis . V\ iiat head would be required to discharge 100 cubic feet per minute, through a horizontal pipe lm e long and 9 inches diameter ? Looking at the table under the given size, 9 inches, until we obtain the gi nuantitv. or t.he npnipjif. fimno ;t /->„> . ° ’• u.. » > - one given or1tll.° “oai'est figure to it, iu Column (2), we findXn the same line, in Column (a), the head in feet to ne o_ o. and in Column (b) the pressure to be 22'915 l(lS per square inch, which pressure, on the author's 1 neumatn; . ystem, would be obtained by the employment of compressed air; the quantity of air, at the required piessuro used being equivalent to the quantity of seivage eiJcted. lor ascertaining the size and inclination of a pipe to cohvev the sewage of any given population, when the fhnv nr Per .)ief| P’er day> and velocity in feet per second are given, the following formula; will be applicable; they are easily and speedily worked out by the use of loShmS. •bet = diameter of pipe, - --garithmS. tn ,. .a inches, when running full; D _ diameter ol pipe in inches, when running half full; G _ discharge, in gallons per minute; ! 1 — hydraulic gradient, or length, in feet] through which the pipe falls one foot; v — velocity, in feet per seconS. d = /-Si ■ v 2v' Then (4), (5), 0 = ^/5.; (0), (7). 1 = '''f. b for pi, es running half fill]. T (3 d)B X 3 . . . . „ t for pipes running full; For example, given a population of 80,000, allowing 30 gallons per head per diem, let it be required to ascertain the size and inclination of a suitable pipe, running full, to convey the sewage at a velocity of 3 I'eet per second, and taking the maximum flow to be equal to half the daily quantity flowing iu 400 minutes. The maximum flow per minute would be = ( 8°’°^ \ 2 X 400 According to formula (4), d = 22‘36 inches ; and by formula (6), I = ^ ^ 3Q0^—= worked by logaiithms thus :— The size of the pipe is found to be 22'36 inches (say 23 inches), and the gradient 1 in 452 735 (say 1 in 453). If a pipe, rpm,£,i l.-iffnll. were required to convey the sewage from the above-named population (80.000). nving the sau and maximum f allowing thV same ciuantiTv per head per diem, and under the given conditions, viz. velocity = 3 feet per second, i flow = half daily quantity iu 400 minutes; then according to formula (5), _J 3000 _31.6228 inches ; 3 _ (3 X 31-6228)® X 3 , , , , nml by formula (7) I = (a x 3000p = 'rorkcd r°S“rl1 Log. of 3 : Add log. 31-6228 = = 0-4771213 = 1-5 Log. of fifth power = Add log. 3 = = 9-8856065 0-4771213 Log. 3 = 0-4771213 Add log. 22-36 = 1-3494718 1-8265931 5 Logarithm raised to fifth power 9 1329655 Add log. 3 = 0-4771213 9-6100868 Deduct logarithm (30003 = 9,000,000) = 6‘9542426 2-6558442 = 452*735 Log- of (6000* 10-3627278 r 36,000,000) = 7-5563025 2 8064253 = 610-36 The size of the JL paired in this case would be 31-62 inches (say 32 inches), and the gradient should he 1 in 640-36 (say 1 iu (j40). ‘ -Medical Officers of Health and Sanitary Engineers and Surveyors are agreed that all sewer of deposit is altered in its character and t' to take place; if therefore there is a sxnell from sewer of deposit is altered in its character and ttouTte should be to adjusted as to gradients and sizes that they should become when in use self-cleansing t. if t wofm-e there is a smell r,™ “ . eU cleanslng. stnke at the root of the evil, instead of merely transferring the mischief to some other place Slow mrwemeru I’OTI (S in itc n rw-, r-l-v... . .. .. n novvolvnntorl it Viqc: Vioon tn Vil nm P ” i a sewer there is something wrong in its construction, and the engineer who manages or constructed it has been to blame. pipes through which the self-cleansing velocities can be obtained he wilier! °n tllOSe ^erested in the important question of Pub. ’ ne Wlil aid the Local Government Board and its Officers in accomplishing the great object of instituting Self-Cleansmg Sewers: Dr. Carpenter, of Croydon, in his work entitled “ prev t‘ve Medicine and Public Health,” states—“ See that the Slow movement allows of chemical change with the evolution of gaseous raa^61'- Self-cleansing sewers will not allow this process ormulie 4 ans*1).7cl^^ii)^s®locities can bf obtai^.!?' A™.?), tT, a‘te“tlon °£ those interested in the important question of Public Health. The Compiler believes that by showing the population for which the various-sized pipes are suitable, and by underline,, thoj figures which show the working capacities of the j ;i._ ^0f instituting Self-Cleansing Sewers, as recommended in Mr. (now Sir Robert) Rawlinson’s “Suggestions.” n° ■Liondon: E. & F1. N. SPON. New York: 35, Murray Street.