William Harvey and the circulation of the blood.

Date:
1971-72
  • Film

About this work

Description

A completely revised and updated version of the 1957 film of the same title. The two earlier versions of this film (1928 and 1957) were both based on Robert Willis' 1847 translation of Harvey's "De Motu Cordis" for the Sydenham Society. This version is based directly on Harvey's original text, and corrects a number of minor errors and omissions in the earlier versions, as well as incorporating much new historical research. At the University of Padua, Harvey was taught the anatomy of Galen and Vesalius, the more recent work of Columbus having been larely rejected. However, Harvey's own research into the anatomy and physiology of the heart was to highlight, many of the errors of the classical anatomists, and largely to vindicate Columbus' criticims of Galen. With the aid of animated diagrams and dissections, the film describes the way in which Harvey formulated his revolutionary new theories of cardiac action and of the motion of the blood through the heart, arteries and veins. The commentary is taken very largely from Harvey's own writings, and the film shows how Harvey verified his conclusions regarding the circulation of the blood by repeating his key experiments.

Publication/Creation

UK : Royal College of Physicians, 1971-72.

Physical description

6 film reels (38 min.) : sound, colour ; 16 mm
1 film reel (sound neg.) (38 min.) : sound ; 16 mm
1 film reel (picture neg.) (38 min.) : colour ; 16 mm

Duration

00:38:00

Notes

Harvey's experiments reconstructed by Professor Michael de Burgh Daley (St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London) and Dr. L.G. Goodwin, F.R.S. Made over to the Trust by Douglas Fisher and the Royal College of Physicians in March 1990.
Available for sale.
Title taken from Catalogue of films and videos in the British Medical Association Library, 1993.

Contents

Segment 1 The narrator introduces the film and gives a brief explanation of why this update of the 1928 and 1957 films of the same title was made. Since 1957, research has found a slightly different account of William Harvey's research leading his conclusions about the circulation of the blood, and so it was decided to make a new film. William Harvey's biography is given, including his education in England and at the University of Padua, and his career in London and as physician to Kings James I and Charles I. The contemporary opinion on the circulation of the blood based on 2nd century physician Galen's writings is set out, and an animation shows Galen's opinion that blood originated in the liver and was endowed there with 'natural spirits'. Time start: 00:00:00:00 Time end: 00:04:54:22 Length: 00:04:54:22
0 Segment 2 The animation of Galen's opinion continues, showing his belief that blood entered the right ventricle of the heart through the vena cava, from where some went to the lungs and some passed through minute pores to the left ventricle, where it was infused with 'inspired air'. Next, a brief history of the University of Padua is given, and film of it as it is now is shown. It excelled in anatomy teaching, and its anatomy teachers are described. The first teacher, Vesalius, could not find the pores that Galen supposed were in the heart, but did not deny their existence. The next teacher, Columbus did deny the existence of pores and also of vapours in the left ventricle, and came closest to describing the circulation of the blood. Time start: 00:04:54:22 Time end: 00:10:56:15 Length: 00:06:01:22
Segment 3 Fabricius, Harvey's own teacher, did not challenge Galen or believe Columbus' work, but did demonstrate the function of valves in the veins. Harvey's early writing shows that he believed in Columbus' findings, and Harvey performed many experiments to deduce the actions of the heart. His writing is read out over a montage of various animal hearts beating. He explains it is easier to see the motions of the heart in cold-blooded animals, or warm-blooded animals that are closer to death. Time start: 00:10:56:15 Time end: 00:16:04:05 Length: 00:05:07:19
Segment 5 In 1651 he related in a letter his experiment to prove that the septum was a solid wall, and the recreation is shown. The pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and aorta are tied shut and a cut is made in the left ventricle. A tube is passed through the vena cava into the right ventricle, and warm water pumped in. The right ventricle and aorta become full, but no water comes out of the cut in the left ventricle. Next, the ties are cut and the tube put in the pulmonary artery. When water is pumped in, it gushes out of the hole. An extract from his book 'De Motu Cordis' is read, describing how he first came to think that the blood moves around the body in a circle. He also guessed at the quantity of blood in the body, and animations show how he tried to calculate this. Time start: 00:21:35:21 Time end: 00:26:18:03 Length: 00:04:42:11

Creator/production credits

Writers and researchers, Dr. Gweneth Whitteridge (University of Oxford), Dr. Charles Newman, F.R.C.P. and Leonard Payne, F.L.A. Director, producer and cinematographer, Douglas Fisher for the Royal College of Physicians.

Copyright note

Original copyright held by the Royal College of Physicians, later transferred to Wellcome Trust (February 1990).

Language note

In English.

Languages

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  • Copy 3

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