An introduction to the study of the anthropoid apes / by Arthur Keith.

  • Arthur Keith
Date:
1897
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: An introduction to the study of the anthropoid apes / by Arthur Keith. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by The Royal College of Surgeons of England. The original may be consulted at The Royal College of Surgeons of England.

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    The muscles ought to be treated in functional groups, their actions and nerve supplies being also noted. [See also ioo, 148, 152^, 198, 199, and 214.] Ligaments.—Ligaments have been described by Duvernoy, Deniker, Hartmann (39), and Macalister (55). The Skull.—There are over 250 gorilla skulls in the museums of Europe and America. More or less partial records of over 100 of these are to be found in literature. Owen’s descriptions are, perhaps, the best (64, 65, 66); others are given by Virchow (84), Bischoff (3 and 8), Deniker (17 and 18), Duvernoy (22), Giglioli (31), Halford (34), Hamy (35), Hartmann (40), Herve (49), Torok (80 and 81), Turner (83), and Wyman (87). Duckworth (20) has made an important contribution on the variations found in the gorilla skull. It may be safely said, by way of postscript to this list, that the skull has been the most sadly abused structure of the animal body. The present manner of description by angles and indices is a method that leads only to the accumulation of a mass of most useless, cumbersome material. The describers seem to have lost all sight of the skull as a functional organ, with its form adapted for its two main uses, as a brain cover and a tooth carrier. Its description, to be of use, must be given in relation to these two functions. [See also 205 and 208.] The Skeleton.—For a general description of the skeleton the text-books of Flower, Huxley, and Owen are still as good as any. More elaborate descriptions are given by Aeby (1), Deniker (17), Duvernoy (22), Halford (33), Hartmann (40 and 43), Heckel (44), and Mivart (61). Struthers has dealt with the variations in the vertebral column (74). Kneeland (50), Lucae (54), Slack (73), Swayne (75), and Wyman (87) have also made smaller contri- butions. From the elaborate and expensive lithographs of bones which are sometimes given with these papers, one would conclude either that the scientific societies had a superabundance of funds, which is unlikely, or that these lithographs are more permanent and convenient for reference than are the bones themselves. On the ossification and fixation of the epiphyses to the shafts nothing is known beyond Deniker’s work. [See also 104, 118, 119, 149, 153, 186a, 187a, and 204.] The Teeth.—In the text-books of Tomes, Huxley, and Owen general descriptions of the teeth are given. Topinard has dealt with the cusps and fangs of the molars and premolars (82) ; Magitot (56 and 57) treats of the dentition of the gorilla. Duvernoy and Heckel also give a description of the teeth, while abnormalities are reported by Magitot (57), Gervais (Jouvn. Zool., vol. iii., pp. 164-166; 1874), Bateson (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1892), and in the Trans. Odont. Soc., 1887, p. 266. Little is known of the dates at which the teeth cut the gum (see Famelart, 26). The Alimentary System.—The mouth, tongue, and pharynx have been figured or described by Ehlers (23), Bischoff (7), Duvernoy