Knight's cyclopædia of the industry of all nations, 1851 / [edited by George Dodd].

Date:
[1851]
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Knight's cyclopædia of the industry of all nations, 1851 / [edited by George Dodd]. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    941/1000
    TRANSYLVANIA. TEIBSTE. 1710 the midaie wire itself. The instrument was invented ahoufc 1000, by Bomer. The main uses of the transit instrument are either, by means of a star of known right ascension, to determine the time of observation, or else, by means of the observed time at which a star passes the meridian, to determine the star's right ascension. The transit in- struments in the principal observatories are specimens of the highest mechanical and optical skin. TRANSYLVANIA. The products and m- dustry of Transylvania are briefly illustrated vmder Austria. TRAVERTIN, the Itahan term for concre- tionary limestone produced from springs hold ing carbonate of lime in solution. A large proportion of the most splendid edifices of ancient and modem Rome are built of tra- vertin derived from the quarriea of Ponto Leucano. TREACLE. [MoiASSEs; Sttgab.] TREBIZOND. This town, situated at the south-east comer of theBlackSea,and the north east corner of Asia Minor, is a place of much commercial importance. The trade has greatly increased since the navigation of the Black Sea was opened to all nations, and especially siacethe establishmentof steamer8,bywhich this town has a direct and regular communication with Constantinople, Odessa, and the Danube. The number of sailing vessels engaged in the commerce of the port in 1849 was 87; and a large trade is can-ied on by steamers, of which 23 EngUsh, 30 Turkish, and 24 Austrian, entered the port in the course of the same year. The entire value of the imports was .53,409,215 francs; the exports amounted to 14,251,406 francs, being an increase on 1848, when the exports amounted to only 6,239,790 francs. The imports shew a decrease on those of 1848, caused by the cheaper and safer means of transit to Persia by the Russian ports of Redut Kale and Tiflis. The in- crease in the exports is chiefly owing to the larger quantity of Turkish copper and other produce, and of Persian silks, gall nuts, ifec, shipped to Europe from this port. The chief imports are cotton manufactures, sugar, coffee, and other colonial produce. The Austrian Steamboat Company phea regularly between Trieste and Trebizond, and has lately extended its line to Batoom and Redut Kale, to which latter place Russia aims at diverting the Persian trade, from the old route through Trebizond, Brzeroum, and Bayazid. TREENAILS. In ship-building the outer planks are fastened to the timbers by thick oak pegs called treenails, driven through holes bored in the wood. They are formed of the soundest oak, whose grain is straight and regular. They vary in size from a foot and a half to throe feet in lengtli, and from one to two inches in diameter. The pieces of oak which may be selected for this purpose arc first sawed to the proper length ; the treenail makers then rip each piece into a number of smaller pieces, and finally reduce them to a tolerably cylindrical shape by means of spoke shaves. The treenails are left many months to season before being used. Treenails are occasionally cut by machinery, Mr. Wilkinson patented an apparatus in 1840 for compressing treenails before use, so as to give them as much solidity and hardness as possible. TRIBUNALS OE COMMERCE are courts established in all the lai-ge towns of France for the quick and inexpensive decision of com- meroial disputes, and all matters relating to trade and debt. The presidents and judges are chosen from among the most mtelUgent and respectable merchants of their respective towns, and serve without emolument. _ A president and two judges form a court, which sits every day except Sunday. The clerks are the only ofiftcers who are paid. The expense of these courts for the whole of France does not much exceed 7000L sterling; their deci- sions are admitted to be highly satisfactory and equitable. There is a movement now being made towards the establishment of something which, whether called a Chamber or a Tribunal of Commerce, shall fiU a place in London com- merce somewhat analogous to those of the French Tribimals. TRIESTE, at the north-eastern extremity of the Adriatic, has been long a free port, and is the most important and wealthy commercial city in the Austrian dominions. Consuls of almost every nation in Europe reside there. The commerce of Trieste was much increased by the commercial treaty concluded with Greece in 1835, and by the new institution of the Austrian Lloyd's, which is supported by the government. The number of ships engaged in the commerce of Trieste is about 2400, of which, in 1849, 403 were employed on long voyages, and 27 were steamers. The steamers ply to Venice, Greece, Constantinople, Trebizond, and Egypt. A terminus for the Vienna-Trieste Railway, which is now opened nearly throughout, has been lately finished. Among the manufactures, oil-soap, leather, rosogUo, and wax, are the principal. Among the exports are the productions of the mines of Idria, those of Hungary, linens, tobacco, and woollens from different parts of the Austrian dominions, and printed calicoes from