Encyclopaedia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, brought down to the present time : including a copious collection of original articles in American biography : on the basis of the seventh edition of the German Conversations-Lexicon (Volume 4).

Date:: 1830-33

Credit: Encyclopaedia Americana: a popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, brought down to the present time : including a copious collection of original articles in American biography : on the basis of the seventh edition of the German Conversations-Lexicon (Volume 4). Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the National Library of Medicine (U.S.), through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the National Library of Medicine (U.S.)

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$63 CRUSADES—CRUZADA. succeeded in regaining Jerusalem, al- though he could not secure the penna- nent possession of the countrj-. The list of heroes who conducted the crusades is honorably closed with St. Louis, king of France (who conducted tlie sixth crusade, commencing in 1248), although fate frus- trated his plan, which was ably conceived and bravely executed. While Louis was still in Egj'pt (for he proposed conquering the Holy Land by an invasion of Egjpt, the seat, at that time, of the rulers of Palestine), a revolution broke out in that country, which proved decisive with re- gard to the possession of the Holy Land. The house of Saladin was dethroned, and the dominion of the Mamelukes and sultans established. These directed their efforts against the possessions of the Christians in Palestine. Tnpoli, Tyre, Berytus, fell into their hands successively, and, on the fall of Acre, or Ptolemais, the last bulwark and the last remains of the Christian empire on tlie continent of Asia, were oveithro^vn. By means of these joint enterprises, tlie European na- tions becanie more connected with each other, the class of citizens mcreased in influence, partly because the nobility suf- fered by extravagant contributions to the crusades, and partly because a commer- cial intercourse took place throughout Europe, and greatly augmented the wealth of the cities ; the human mind ex- panded, and a number of arts and scien- ces, till then unknown in Europe, were in- troduced there. The present civiUzation of the European Avorld is, in a great de- gree, the result of these crusades. It be- longs to a history of poetry to describe how much contemporary poetry was af- fected by the cmsades, and the extent to ■which they have given currency to a cer- tain class of ideas that has prevailed ever since. Some of the best works on the crusades are Frederic Wilken's Geschichte der Kreuzzi't^e nach morgtnldndiscJien und abendldndishenBericMen,LeiT[is\c (the three first volumes appeared in 1807—19: vol- ume 4, which treats of the period from 1188 to H95, appeared m 1826); Histoirc des Ci-oisadcs, by De IMichaud, a member of the French academy, fourth edition, Paris, 1825; Charles Mills's Histoiy of the Crusades, London, 1820; Heeren's Versuch einer Entwickdung der Folgen der Kreuzziigefur Europa, G6ttingen, 1808. Crusade, and Crusada. (See cruza- da, old and new, in the article Coins, under the division Portugcd. Crusca, Academia della. (See Acad- emies.) Crustaceocs AmMALS, in natural his- tory ; those covered with shells, coneirt- ing of several pieces or scales, as crabs, lobsters, &c. Tlieir shells are generally softer than tlie shells of the testaceous kind, which consist of but few pieces or valves, such as those of the oyster, seal- lop, cockle. Cruz, Santa (Spanish; Holy Cross). Among the various places of tlii? name, the most important are, 1. An island in the West Indies, belonging to Denmark, the most southerly of the Virgin isles; lat. 17° 45' N.; Ion. 64° 35' W. It is about 24 miles in length, with an area of 84 square miles, and contains 33,000 in- habitants, of which 30,000 are slaves. The country is mostly level, the climate imhealtliy at certain seasons, the water scarce and bad. The soil is fertile, produc- ing cotton, sugar-cane, some coffee and in- digo, and tropical fruits. About 9,000,000 gallons of rmn are annually exported. The best poits are Christianstadt and Frederickstadt. The former, situated on the northern coast of the island, is the capital of all the Danish West Indies. Af- ter having been successively in the hands of the Dutch, English, French, and Span- iards, Santa Cniz was ceded to Denmark in 1733. In 1807, it was taken by the English, but was restored to the Danes by the peace of P<iris, in 1814. 2. A city oa the island of Teneriffe ; lat. 28° 28' N.; Ion. 16° 30' W. The road is nuich visited by European vessels, on their way to the Indies and to America, for water and pro- visions. The population is 8400. The principal article of export is Teneriffe wine. (See Teneriffe.) Cruzada [Spanish). A bull called the hull of the crusade, is a source of consider- able revenue to the Spanish crown. Pope Calixtus III first issued this bull, during the reign of kuig Heniy of Castile, in 1457, granting an absolution for ])ast of- fences to all who would fight against infi* dels, or pay a certain sum (200 maravedis), to aid the crowii in cany in g on war against them ; and, as this bull is granted only for five years, the king has the power of renewing it. It confei-s also certain immimities, such as the right to eat some kinds of prohibited food in Lent. It has not been customary to renew the grant since 1753. These bulls were formerly sold, in a printed form, by priests and monks, who very often abused their authority, and would not confess people, or give them extreme unction, unless they would buy the bulls. The revenue thus received by the cro^vn was estimated, for Spam and$

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