Volume 1

Dictionary of national biography. Second supplement / edited by Sir Sidney Lee.

Date:
1912
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Dictionary of national biography. Second supplement / edited by Sir Sidney Lee. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    687/698 page 669
    The photographs for his earliest experi- ments were made with a single camera, and required a separate trotting for each exposure. His next experiments were made in 1877 on the stud-farm of Mr. Leland Stanford at Palo Alto, San Francisco, where he employed a num- ber of cameras placed in a line, thus obtaining a succession of exposures at regulated intervals of time or distance. The cameras were arranged to obtain photo- graphs of the subject from three different points of view ; each movement was taken by a different camera on extremely rapid wet plates, the exposure at times being only one six-thousandth part of a second. The shutters of the cameras were operated by means of thin thread stretched across the path of the animal the record of whose movements was to be taken. Some of the results of these early experiments illustra- ting the action of horses whilst walking, trotting, or galloping were published in 1878 under the title of ‘The Horse in Motion.’ In his analysis of the quadrupedal walk, Muybridge arrived at the conclusion that the successive foot-fallings are in- variable and are probably common to all quadrupeds. His investigations led to much modification of the treatment of animal movements in the works of painters and sculptors. In order to project the pictures upon a screen so that they would appear to move, Muybridge invented, in 1881, a machine which he called the ‘ zoopraxiscope,’ and which he claimed to be the first instrument devised for demonstrating, by synthetical reconstruction, movements originally photo- graphed from life. The ‘zoetrope,’ or ‘wheel of life,’ which was invented about 1833 and had long been in popular use as a toy, had no like scientific pretension. Muybridge’s ‘zoopraxiscope’ was widely employed. By its means horse-races were reproduced on a screen with such fidelity as to show the individual characteristics of the motion of each animal, flocks of birds flew with every movement of their wings clearly perceptible, two gladiators contended for victory, athletes turned somersaults, and the like. At the electrical congress in Paris in September 1881 Muybridge lectured before the assembled men of science with his newly animated illustrations for the first time in Europe at. the laboratory of Dr. E. J. Marey (who was independently experimenting on Muybridge’s lines). He also lectured in London, before the Royal Institution, in March 1882 and in March 1889, and at a conversazione given by the Royal Society. A wider investigation of animal move- ments was undertaken by Muybridge in 1884-5 under the auspices and at the charge of the university of Pennsylvania. More than 100,000 photographic plates were obtained and embodied in a work published at Philadelphia in 1887 as ‘ Animal Loco- motion, an Electro-photographic Investiga- tion of Consecutive Phases of Animal Movement, 1872-1885.’ The work con- tains over 2000 figures of moving men, women, children, beasts, and birds, in 781 photo-engravings, bound in eleven folio volumes. The great cost of preparing and printing this work restricted its sale to a very few complete sets, and a selection of the most important plates on a reduced scale was published in London in 1899 as * Animals in Motion.’ Muybridge’s efforts led the way to the invention of the cinematograph, which was the immediate result of Dr. Marey’s in- vention of the celluloid roll film in 1890. When in England Muybridge resided at his birthplace, Kingston-on-Thames. He was there in 1895, but returned more than once to the United States before finally settling at Kingston in 1900. There he lived at 2 Liverpool Road with Mr. George Lawrence, whom he appointed his executor. In the grounds there he dug out a miniature reproduction to scale of the Great Lakes of America. Muybridge died on 8 May 1904, and his remains were cremated at Woking. He bequeathed to the Kingston public library 3000/., in reversion after the death of a lady relative, the income to be applied to the purchase of works of reference, together with his lantern slides, zoopraxiscope, and a selection from the plates of his ‘ Animal Locomotion.’ Besides the works above mentioned, Muybridge published : 1. ‘ Descriptive Zoo- praxography, or the Science of Animal Locomotion made Popular,’ 1893 (abridged edition same year). 2. ‘The Human Figure in Motion’ (abridged from ‘Animal Locomo- tion’), 1901. 3. ‘The Science of Animal Locomotion (Zoopraxography),’ n.d. [The Bioscope, 1 Sept. 1910, pp. 3-5; H. V. Hopwood’s Living Pictures, 1899 (with bibliography and list of patents); Haydn’s Dict. of Dates, s.v. Zoopraxiscope ; Illustrated Lond. News, 18 March 1882 and 25 May 1889 (portrait, p. 645); Proc. of the Royal Institu- tion, 1882, x. 44-56, 1889, xii. 444-5; informa- tion kindly supplied by Mr. B. Carter, librarian of the Kingston Public Library. ] C. W.
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