The encyclopaedia sinica / by Samuel Couling.

  • Samuel Couling
Date:
1917
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: The encyclopaedia sinica / by Samuel Couling. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    587/648 page 577
    TSUNG-LI YAMEN, or more fully Tsung li ho huo shih wu ya men• || 3£| fa JU # ^ FT The Yamen of Foreign Affairs, a Council formed by Ministers in other departments of the State. After the making of peace in 1860 a special com¬ mittee was appointed to consider how foreign affairs should thereafter be managed. In January, 1861, a decree appointed three members to conduct this new department; four were added the next year, and most Members of the Grand Council were appointed, the total number varying from eight to eleven. In 1901 it was by treaty transformed into the Wai wu pu (q.v.). TSUNG MING ISLAND. See CWung Ming. TSUNG TU, || The Governor General of a province before the Revolution, the highest in rank of civil functionaries in provincial administ¬ ration, and) having also certain powers of control over the military forces of his province. He is now replaced by the Sheng chang ^ See Govern-t ment, Republican. TS‘U, STATE OF, See Ch‘u, State of. TU BIN ARES, an Order, according to the classification by Blanford, which consists of the Petrels. The species known in China are as follows. Thalassidroma monorhis, Swinhoe’s Petrel on the China Sea and in the isles of N.E. Formosa. Bulweria bulweri, Bulwer’s Petrel, Formosa Chan¬ nel. Puffinus leucomelcis, on Shantung and Chekiang coasts. P. pescadoresi, Formosa Channel. Diomedea albatrus, D. nigripes, two species of Albatross in the China Sea. David et Oustalet : Les Oiseaux de la Chine; (Procellarides). TUDELA. See Benjamin of Tudela. TUI TZU, if 3F, ‘opposites,’ a term for which there is no proper English equivalent. It denotes the pairs of inscribed scrolls, so exceedingly com¬ mon on walls, doorposts, and elsewhere. The inscriptions are antitheses, word by word. Thus if heaven appears on one scroll, the corresponding word will almost certainly be earth : right will answer to wrong, up to down, etc. A good deal of skill and elegance may therefore be displayed in their composition. TU LI WANG KHAN. See Remits. TUNGAN, or DUNGAN. A term applied to some Mohammedans of the north-west provinces, sup¬ posed to be from a Turki word meaning “convert.” They rebelled in 1861, and were practically wiped, out as a people by Tso Tung-t‘ang. See Mohammedanism; YaJcoob. Broomhall : Islam in China. T‘UNG CHIEN KANG MU, M £ M B This is the celebrated History by Ssu-ma Ktjang. 73 The original work was entitled Tzu Chih T‘ung Chien f fit gg, Universal Mirror to help Govern¬ ment. This began with the fourth century b.c. and came down to the end of the tenth century a.d. Ssu-ma afterwards added a supplement, tablet, etc. A oentury later Chu Hsi, with the aid of his dis¬ ciples, reconstructed and condensed the work under the present title, completing it in 1223. There have since been various enlargements, elucidations, etc., before the book arrived at its present form. It is now the most complete single work on Chinese general history. Under Khubilai Khan it was translated into Uighur in 1282; and K‘ang Hsi had it put into Manchu. The substance of it has been translated into French by de Mailla. Giles : Note on four Chinese Volumes sent for Identification (Cambridge, 1907) ; Wylie : Notes on Chinese Literature, p. 20; De Maill;A : Histoire Generate de la Chine. T‘UNG CHIH, ft, the reign-title of the 8th Emperor of the Ch‘ing or Manchu dynasty, whose personal name was Tsai Shun He was born in 1856, son of Hsien Feng and the concubine Yehonala, afterwards the famous Empress-dowager of the closing years of the dynasty. He ascended the throne at 5 years old, his mother Tz‘u Hsi, Empress-dowager of the West, and the consort of Hsien Feng, the Empress-dowager of the East, Tz‘u An, being Co-Regents. His wife was A-lu-t‘e, and in all consideration of the events of these years it must be borne in mind that if she had borne a son she would have been Empress-mother and the Empress-dowager’s authority would have been gone. All writers seem to agree that his mother encouraged the young Emperor in all vicious courses ; he was a Uequenter of the lowest pleasure dens and the hero of many a drunken brawl till his health was des¬ troyed. In November, 1872, at 17 years old he assumed, nominally, the control of government; in January, 1875, he died of small-pox and other diseases, leaving his consort pregnant. Bland and Backhouse : China under the Empress Dowager. T‘UNG CHIH, it See Lei Shu. TUNG CHO, fg Ip., one of the ‘Three Traitors’ of the Han period. He was a military leader who usurped the supreme authority as regent of the child Hsien Ti, whom he had put on the throne. He was most cruel and arbitary in his rule, and died by assassination in a.d. 129. TUNG LING, It the eastern tombs of the Manchu emperors. See Mausolea. TUNGSTEN. See Minerals. T'UNG TIEN, a*. See Lei Shu.
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