Dr. Finny's first aid: a note-book for ambulance students / W. E. . St. Lawrence Finny.

  • Finny, William Evelyn St. Lawrence
Date:
1914
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: Dr. Finny's first aid: a note-book for ambulance students / W. E. . St. Lawrence Finny. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    The Bones of the Spinal Column (24 bones or vertebrae), 7 Cervical or neck, 12 Dorsal or back, 5 Lumbar or loin, and 9 false (sacrum and coccyx). Between each vertebra lies an elastic pad of gristle or cartilage, which prevents jars, and gives flexibility and supple- ness. The vertebrae are held together by ligaments, the two upper cervical vertebrae are called the atlas and the axis. The Spinal Cord is contained in the canal formed in the centre of the Spinal Column, the nerves to and from the body passing through openings between the vertebrae. The Ribs (12 bones on each side) extend around the chest, from the spinal column behind, to meet the breast-bone or sternum in front, forming a cage to protect the heart and lungs. The Pelvis, formed by the union of the haunch bones or ilia and the sacrum and coccyx, contains the bladder, forms a firm base for the human frame, and connects the legs with the body. The Limbs—Upper and Lower, arms and legs :— The upper consists of the shoulder blade or scapula, collar bone or clavicle, arm bone or humerus. Forearm com- posed of two bones, the radius and the ulna. The wrist, eight small bones; the fingers and thumb, 19 bones. The lower consists of the femur or thigh bone, the ,leg bones, the tibia and fibula, the patella or knee cap, the ankle bone or astragalus, the heel bone or os calcis. The foot 26 bones, forming a double arch. II.—THE LIGAMENTOUS SYSTEM. The bones of the body are everywhere united by firm fibrous bands which firmly hold the bones together, but at the same time allow of necessary movements by forming joints. Joints are:—(1) hinge joints, (2) ball and socket joints, (3) mixed joints, (4) fixed joints, e.g., sacrum and skull. The ends of bones in moveable joints are covered with polished gristle, lubricated with a fluid called synovia. III.—THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. The muscles form the flesh of the animal, and develop or waste in proportion as they are used. Their use is:—(1) to lift weights, (2) to maintain the figure erect, (3) to perform loco- motion and prehension, and the involuntary movements of life, e.g., heart beats. The muscles act by contraction, being con- trolled by nerves conveying impulses to them from the brain.
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