The anatomy of humane bodies, with figures drawn ... by some of the best masters in Europe ... To which is added an introduction explaining the animal oeconomy / Revised and publish'd by C.B. Albinus.

William Cowper

Date:: 1737

Credit: The anatomy of humane bodies, with figures drawn ... by some of the best masters in Europe ... To which is added an introduction explaining the animal oeconomy / Revised and publish'd by C.B. Albinus. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$NIN TH Fig, 36. WAS HE W S divers Mufcles Employ’d inthe Motions weg of the Head and Vertebre of the Neck, which M. Appear on the Back-part. » A, Part of the Hairy Scalp remaining on the Fore-part of the Head. B, The Os Occipitis, made bare. C, Part of the Mufculus Splenius left at its Tn- f> fertion. | ate ~ a, Part of the Os Fugale. DDD, ‘The A4ufculus Complexus Rais’d from its Infertion, to fhew its Infide. EE, The Reéi Majores, that.on the Right Side remaining iz Site, chat of the Left hanging down from its Origin. FF, The Odliqui Superiores, in Situ. GG, The Odliqui Inferiores, in Situ. HH, The Reéti Minores, alfo in Site. b, The Procefus Maftoides ot the Left Side, made bare. c, The Back-part of the Firft Vertebra of the Neck, made bare. d, Part of the Complexus Inferted to the Mammiform Procefs, by Fal- doppius made a Diftinét Mufcle, which with its Correfponding Part on the other Side, he reckons the Third Pair of Mufcles of the Head. IIIf, The Spinales Coili, that of the Left Side remaining m Situ, the Right being Rais’d from its Inferior Part, and Turn’d to One Side, to fhew its Subjacent Mufcle the Zran/verfalis Colli. ~ K, The Zran/verfalis Colli which Arifes from the Tranfverfe Procefles of the Inferior Vertebra of the Neck, and is Inferted to the Spinal Pro- cefles of its Superior Vertebra. | LLL, The Mufculi Inter/pinales Colli ; Thefe are not taken Notice of by Authors , tho’ they are Diftinct Fair Mufcles as they are here Reprefented: It was for thefe Mufcles the Spinal Procefles of the Ver- tebre of the Neck are made Double: They draw the Spinal Procefles nearer each other, when we pull the Head very much Back, as when we would look on the Zenith. eeee, The pices of the Double Spinal Procefles. f, The Extremity of the Spine of the Firft Vertebra of the Thorax. Fig. 37. Reprefents Part of the Organ of Hearing of a Calf, where a Small Bone (Diftiné& from that plac’d between the Long Procefs of the Lacus and Stapes) may be feen in the Tendon of the Mu/culus Stapedis. Schelbamer tellsus of the like Bone tound in fome Animals lying in the Ten- don of the Internal Mufcle of the Ear, Deferib’d by Euflachius ; but whither he has miftaken it for the Mu/culus Stapedis, no Opportunity has hitherto given me occafion to Obferve. The Knowledge of this Small Bone in the Tendon of the Mu/culus Stapedis of a Calf, was Communi- cated to me by the Ingenious Dr. Adare, but there is no fuch Contri- vance in Humane Bodies. AA, Part of the Os Petrofum. B, The Foramen Rotundum. C, The Stapes on the Foramen Ovale. | E, The M]u/culus Stapedis \ying bare in the Cavity of the Tympanum; it not being Inclos’d ina Bony Channel in this Animal, as in Humane Bodies. Aa F, The Small Bone in the Tendon of the Mu/culus Stapedis , whichis la?’d on a Rifing ofthe Os Petrofum, on which it Acts as ona Pully, y which means it draws the Stapes from the Foramen Ovale. G, The Cochlea Open’d. Fig. 38. The Back-parts of the Mufcles of the Pharynx and Oc/ophagus. AAA, That Part which Compofes the Pharynx, BB, The Mu/culus Pterygopbaryngeus : ded into Two Pair of Mufcles by Authors , as Appears by Zab. 34. Fig. 3, 4. after Bourdon: \t has Two Thin Flefhy Origins from the Roots of the Proceffus Pterygoides, and in a Semicircular Manner Em- braces the Back-part of the Glandulous Membrane of the Fauces as well as the Zonjille. When it Aés in Deglutition, 1 not only Straitens the Fauces, but Comprefles the Tonfille , as well as the Lefler Glands of the Fauces, and Forces out their contain’d Matter at the fame Time, to join with the Aliment in its Defcent to the Stomach; this Mufcle Acts in like Manner in Secretion or Hawking up any Tenacious Matter, whether Log’d in the Fauces or Excretory Ducts of the Zonfille. | chufe to make this Diftin® Mutcle from the Oc/iphageus , not only becaufe its Extend- ed on that Part call’d the Pharynx, but i Acts Dittinct from the Oe/o- phageus; for when this is Contracted in Deglutition, that is Dilated. CC, The Zonfille. DD, The Mufculi a Dilate them. : a ali LE, The Ocfopbaryngeus or Conftrittor Guid. FE, Part of oe Long Procefs of the Scutiformal Cartilage, whence the iaft mention’d Mutcle partly Aries, Stylopbaryngei which draw the Fauces Upwards | ae | I A BL & G, The Mufculus Vaginalis Gule, Cover’d with its External Mem- brane. The Fibres of this Perforated Mulcle of the Gua, have a Rouble Order of Fibres; the External Defcend according to their Length, the Internal Parts Obliquely ; the Former feem to Arife from the Arytnoidal Cartilages under the Glottis ,and pafling fomewhat Obliquely to the Back- part of the Guia, Defcend to the Stomach; the Latter Order of Fibres feem to be a Continuation of the Conftriftor Gule ,and Defcend Obliquely to the Upper Orifice of the Stomach. The Office of this Mufcle is to Prefs the Aliment after Deglutition into the Stomach, to which, by its own Weight it is apt to Defcend in Humane Bodies; but in Quadiu- pedes the Pofition of the Guia being Horizontal, this Mufcle is Com- pos’d of a Double Order of Spiral Fibres , mutually Intercuflating each other; as it is Defcrib’d by Dr. Willis and Others. Fig. 39. A portion of the Inteftinum Duodenum Diftended with Wind. A, {ts External Membrane, continued from the Peritoneum Rais’d. B, The External Surface of the Gut with the laft mention’d Mem- brane remaining on it. C, The External Longitudinal Fibres of the Inteftine. D, The Orbicular or Circular Fibres plac’d immediately under the Former, which by Dr. Cole are thought to be Spiral, and a continued Thread from one Extream of the Gut to the other, by which means the Periftaltick Motion of the Inteftines are continued. By what I could ever Obferve in Examining thefe Fibres, whether after Boyling or not, I muft confefs I could never be fatished whither they are Continued and of a Spiral Difpofition, nor indeed 1s it poflible to Untwift a Single Fibre if they were fo Difpos’d, by reafon of its Smallnefs and Collateral Adhefion to each other, by means of their Blood-Veffels ; but on the contrary they rather Appear on very ftrict Examination, to be Semicircular, fome longer and others fhorter; by which means they more Adequately bring the Sides of the Inteftine nearer each other, in Order to drive on its Contents. Befides this Office of the Mutcular Fibres of the Inteftines , by their Reciprocal Co-operation , they not only Comprefs their Subjacent Glands , and Drive out their contain’d Mucus to join with the Aliment ; but by Collaterally preffing each Side of the Guts, they Open the Mouths of the Lacteal-Vefiels to receive the Chyle, Fig. 40. Reprefents a Portion of the Jatefinum fFejunum Diftended with Wind; its External Membrane and Mufcular Fibres being taken off. A A, Some of the Semicircular Fibres ftill remaining on the Inteftine. CC, Divers Small Glands fcatter’d at Various Diftances between the laft_mention’d Clufters of Glands. We are beholding to the Learned Wepher and the Accurate Peyer, as thofe Solitary Glands fcatter’d up and down in the Large Guts: Tho” Dr. Willis and Others had mention’d a Glanduleys Membrane of the Office. They are fupplied with Blood-Veffels , Nerves and Lympheducts, in Common with the Inteftines and Excretory Ducts of their own; but I can by no means think the Nerves Import any Part of the Matter ; which thefe Glands Difcharge by their Excretory Pores, into the Cavity of the Inteftine. Peyer takes Notice that thefe Glandulous Clufters are plac’d in that Part of the Gut, Oppofite to its Connection with the Mefentery, but you will frequently find them near the Menfentery; yet I never found them in that Part of the Gut, to which the Mefentery is Connected. The Matter they feparate from the Blood , and Difcharge by their Excretory Pores into the Cavity of the Gut, is very Tenacious, and fince 1ts Compreft from them by the Periftaltick Motion of the Guts, at the very inftant the Alimentary Contents are pafling by, it affords us no mean Argument, that it cannot fo join with them, as to rcnder any of the Chylous Particles more fit to pafs the Mouths of the Lacteal Veffels; but that it only ferves as a Vehicle to thofe Contents of the Guts, and Defends the Inward Villous Membrane from being Offended, either by Scarp Humours, or any Acuminated Bodies which often pafs that Way. : The Glands of the Caecum, Colon and Refium , which are Analogous to thefe of the Small Guts, differ very much from them in Figure and Situation; the Former lying in Clufters, whereas thefe from their Ap- pearance, Peyer and Others call Solitary Glands ; they being Small, Lentiformal, and very Numerous, plac’d from each other at Various Diftances, not unlike the Stars in the Firmament. All thefe Glands. of the Inteftines, as well as thofe of the Stomach, Liver, and Pancreas, are Affected with Cathartick Medicines , and Help to Difcharge the Matter Evacuated by Stool; by Affeéted, I don’t mean that the Purging Medicine beftows any Particles, immediately as it pafles by them into the Cavity of the Gut; but that after its Particles are paft into the Blood by the Chyle Ducts, it meets with a Fit Strainer in the Parts laft mention’d, as well as thefe Glands by which it pafles oft again with the Serous Partof the Blood. 5. Nnn$