Volume 1

On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the chimpanzee / by Charles F. Sonntag.

  • Sonntag, Charles F. (Charles Frederick), -1925
Date:
1923
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: On the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the chimpanzee / by Charles F. Sonntag. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    49/118 page 369
    The Hip Joint:—The capsule is attached as in Man. The ilio-femoral ligament consists of one band, which arises under cover of the rectus femoris and is strengthened by its tendon. It runs as does the anterior band of the Y-shaped ligament in Man. No other ligaments are formed from the capsule. The gluteus minimus strengthens the capsule at the proximo-anterior part of the great trochanter. The ligamentum teres, cotyloid ligament, and transverse ligament are as in Man. The joint contains a pad of fat. The Knee Joint:—The ligamentum patellce is broad and strong, and has a more extensive insertion than in Man (see page 358). The internal lateral ligament is not inserted into the internal condyle of the tibia, but is fixed to the upper third of the shaft. The external lateral ligament is as in Man. The oblique popliteal ligament is absent, but a strong femoral intercondylar ligament is attached to the posterior aspects of the two condyles. The ligamentum mucosum is just as in Man. The anterior cruciate ligament is attached to the tibia as in Man, but its femoral in- sertion is into the upper half of the mesial aspect of the external condyle. It is smaller than the posterior cruciate ligament; the latter is attached to the tibia farther back than in Man, and it receives a slip from the external semilunar cartilage (text- fig. 36 F). Two semilunar cartilages are present. The internal one is larger than the external, and is crescentic in shape. It is attached in front of the anterior cruciate ligament. Its posterior horn is inserted as in Man. The external cartilage forms a small, complete circle. Internally it is attached by a broad liga- ment to the external side of the tubercles and spine of the tibia. Postero-mesiaily it is united by a ligament to the outer surface of the internal condyle of the femur. It is also connected to the posterior cruciate ligament. The joint differs in many ways from that in Man, and its construction is such that it is one of the factors which prevent the animal assuming a firm, erect attitude. Humphry (26), who has made a thorough study of this joint, points out that the femur in Man is broad and compara- tively flat on the distal end of the external condyle; and the attachments of the lateral ligaments are nearer the posterior parts of the bone. So the joint is firm and locked when it is fully extended. In the Chimpanzee, on the other hand, the distal end of the external condyle is rounded, and the lateral ligament is not attached far back. He also shows that the lateral, cruciate, and posterior ligaments are all tight when the human knee is fully extended, but they never become simul- taneously tight in the Chimpanzee; to obtain tightness of each ligament it is necessary to divide all the others. Finally, the attachment of the gracilis and hamstring muscles to the fascia of the leg, and the laxity of the ligaments of the joint, are con- tributory factors which prevent the animal assuming the erect attitude *. # See the observations on living specimens recorded on page 420. [47]
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