The Elements of physiological and pathological chemistry : a handbook for medical students and practitioners ... / by T. Cranstoun Charles.

  • T. Cranstoun Charles
Date:
1884
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Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: The Elements of physiological and pathological chemistry : a handbook for medical students and practitioners ... / by T. Cranstoun Charles. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University and Columbia University Libraries/Information Services, through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the the Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University and Columbia University.

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    To see the concentric layers of a calculus divide it equa- torially with a fine saw, then grind the cut surface on a hone with water, and having washed and dried it, apply a coat of varnish. In the case of small brittle calculi it is better to grind half the calculus away. No definite crystalline structure is usually to be seen unless occasionally on the surface. DiflEerent Forms of Calculi, witli their General Characters.— 1. The most frequent urinary calculi are those consisting of iiric acid. To other calculi they may be said roughly to stand in the proportion of two to three, or according to some authorities they form only one-fourth of all calculi. They are hard, generally of a flattened ovoid shape, and of all sizes from a pin's head up to a goose's egg; in colour they are reddish or yellowish brown, smooth or slightly tuberculated on the surface, and crystalline or earthy in structure, consisting of a series of con- centric layers. The calculus evolves an odour of burnt horn when heated on platinum foil, and is soluble in a dilute warm solution of caustic potash, from which it is precipitated by carbonic or acetic acid. 2. Urates.—These calculi usually contain soda, ammoniaj and lime, and commonly oxalate of lime is also present. (a) Urate of ammonia calculi are rare, being occasionally met with in young children. They are small, rounded, smooth or slightly tuberculated, and of a pale slate or clay colour, but in the fresh state of a dull, opaque white. (6) Simple urates of soda and lime are not found forming calculi of themsel ves,but they are often present with other bodies. 3. Oxalate of lime calculi are frequently met with, according to some authorities forming one-fifth of all calculi. They have most commonly a nucleus of uric acid or urate of lime, and are often of considerable size, brownish in colour or of a dark olive or dirty purple tint (mulberry calculi), and possessing a very irregular and rugged surface, by which they can be recognised. They may also be met with in the form of small oval or rounded bodies, smooth and even polished on the exterior—the so-called hemp-seed calculi. The white crystalline variety is compara- tively unfroquent. An oxalate stone with a plios])]iatic crust is a frequent form. Most mixed calculi contain more or less of the calcic oxalate.
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