White paper on science and technology, 1993 : the relationship between young people and science and technology / edited by Science and Technology Agency, Japanese Government.

Science and Technology Agency

Date:: [1994]

Licence: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Credit: White paper on science and technology, 1993 : the relationship between young people and science and technology / edited by Science and Technology Agency, Japanese Government. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$2.Flow of R&D expenditures in Japan (in FY1991) Financed by Total Expenditures Financed from Financed by the (100 million yen) the private sector amount 127,201 abroad 116 government 21,374 105,711 Industry 97,430 1,335 Industry 99,656 Government 21,374 Abroad é 100 8,753 (%) L Government research Classification Financing | Performing instutions 10,112 ratio ratio Abroad 0 Sector Se SS Industry 78.3 76.6 Universities and Government 16.8 7.9 Universities and colleges 5,291 ceatiogon 1 470081 . oe Universities and colleges 4.2 nes Private research institutions 768 Z7\ S22] —~—S™Y Private research Abroad 3 institutions 0.6 40 Abroad 0.1 + — Abroad13 Private research institutions 5,051 Total 100.0 100.0 Notes: 1. R&D expenditures are for natural sciences only 2. R&D expenditures are the funds spent by research institutions themselves for research. There are two concepts of R&D expenditures on a performing basis: disbursement and cost. Japan considers R&D expenditures to be disbursements. Disbursement includes expenditures on labor, materials, tangible fixed assets, and so on. In case of cost, it is computed by adding the depreciation of tangible fixed assets instead of expenditures on the tangible fixed assets. 3. Coverage of each sector is as follows: (1) Financing sector 1)Industry: companies and public corporations whose major purpose is not in research activities 2)Government: national and local governments, national, local government-owned research institutions, research-centered public corporations, and national and public universities and colleges (including junior colleges, same as in the following) 3)Universities and colleges: private universities and colleges (including junior colleges, same as in the following) 4)Private research institutions: nonprofit private research institutions (2)Performing sector 1)Industry: coverage is the same as in the financing sector 2)Government research institutions: national and local government-owned research institutions and research-centered public corporations 3)Universities and colleges: national public and private universities and colleges 4)Private research institutions: coverage is the same as in the financing sector Source: “Report on the Survey of Research and Development” by the Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency.$