Principles of organic and physiological chemistry / by Carl Löwig ; translated by Daniel Breed.

  • Carl Jacob Löwig
Date:
1853
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Principles of organic and physiological chemistry / by Carl Löwig ; translated by Daniel Breed. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    441/494 (page 433)
    tundifolius, and excelsior. It is farther found in the juice exuded from several cherry and apple trees, in the alburnum of several species of Pinus, in the root of the pomegranate-tree, in different mushrooms in the bark of Canella alba, in the honey-dew of the linden, and is formed under certain conditions by fermentation of sugar with lactic acid. If manna be boiled out with alcohol, dur¬ ing the cooling, mannit is deposited in colorless needles. Of dis¬ agreeable sweet taste; melts at 106°; stiffens crystalline; easily soluble in water, and forms a syrup; scarcely soluble in cold alco¬ hol, rather soluble in boiling. Without action upon polarized light. Gives, with concentrated nitric acid, nitromannit, Nitromannit a violently exploding compound = C12II8(6N04)012, which is obtained when finely-ground mannit, with some nitric acid of 1.5 sp. gr., is stirred, until perfect solution takes place, and then alternately so much nitric and sulphuric acid added that to 1 part mannit, there comes 4J parts IIO,NOs and 10 parts II0,S03. The nitromannit, which separates, is washed with cold water, and left to crystallize from alcohol. Mannit gives, with sulphuric acid, a paired acid = C12II14012~ + 8S03(?). Mannit also combines with bases, but it forms no definite compounds. A combination isomeric with mannit is dulcose (dul- Dulcose ein), whose origin is unknown. Glycyrrhizin (Licorice Sugar): CI6II1206, or C36 G]ycyrrllizin. H24014, is found in licorice wood, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra and eekinata. The root is boiled out with water, the extract precipitated with vinegar of lead, being cau¬ tious that it does not become neutral, the washed precipitate de¬ composed by hydrosulphuric acid, and the solution, filtered from sulphide of lead, cautiously evaporated. A honey-yellow, not (?) crystallizable mass, soluble in water and alcohol, of pecu¬ liar sweet, afterwards itcliing taste, melts at 200°, not volatile, gives, with nitric acid, a nitro-compound, combines easily with acids, bases, and salts. From the aqueous solution it is precipitated by concentrated sulphuric acid. Most metallic salts give precipitates with glycyrrhizin, consisting of the salts and glycyrrhizin.—In the flowers of Arbus praecatorius, in the root of Polypodium vul¬ gare, Ononis spinosa, are found sweet principles which quite agree with glycyrrhizin, and especially are precipitated from their solu¬ tions by sulphuric acid. Glycerin: C6H806=H0,C6H705, is formed by G1 hl transposition, from oxide of glycyl, in the saponifi¬ cation ot fats. We accurately saturate with sulphuric acid the alkaline mother liquor, from which the soap is separated, evapo¬ rate and extract the syrup-thick residue with alcohol. After evaporation ot the alcoholic solution, we obtain the pure glycerin as a sweet, colorless, uncrystalline, syrup-thick, inodorous fluid, soluble in all proportions in water and alcohol, and insoluble in