The sources and modes of infection / by Charles V. Chapin.

  • Charles V. Chapin
Date:
1912
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Licence: In copyright

Credit: The sources and modes of infection / by Charles V. Chapin. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service. The original may be consulted at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Library & Archives Service.

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    in 11 days in fact. He believes that this is due to the chem- ical composition of the particular soil used. Smith1 working with similar soil, unsterilized, could not recover the organism after 25 days, and the average duration in the soil was 15 days. Calvagno and Calderini2 spread upon the soil some typhoid excreta. It was found that the bacilli could be recovered from the surface of the soil for 12 to 20 days and from the deeper portions, 20 centimeters, for 40 days. Most observers, as Koch,3 Karlinski,4 Uffelmann,5 Martin,6 Pfuhl7 and others agree that it does not grow in soil, though it may retain its vitality at times for months. Savage 8 found that it died rapidly in tidal mud, though a few bacilli could be recovered after five weeks. Klein9 could not find the organism in dead animals buried in earth, after 20 days, but Loesner 10 found it after 96 days. Typhoid Bacilli on Vegetables. — Recently Creel11 has investigated the chance of vegetables becoming infected with typhoid bacilli. He planted radishes and lettuce in soil which was watered two or three days later with a fecal emulsion mixed with a 24-hours-old agar culture of the typhoid bacillus. Some of the plants were grown in- doors and some in the open air more or less exposed to sunshine. The leaves and stems were examined every 3 1 Smith, Rep. on Occurrence of Typhoid Fever in Belfast, 1902, quoted by Mair. 2 Calvagno and Calderini, Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infectionskrankh., Leipz., 1908, LXI, 188. 3 Koch, Die Bekampfung des Typhus, Berl., 1903, 14. 4 Karlinski, Arch. f. Hyg., Miinchen u. Leipz., 1891, XIII, 302. 6 Uffelmann, Centralbl. f. Bakteriol. [etc.], Jena, 1894, XV, 133. 6 Martin, Rep. Med. Off. Local Gov. Bd., Lond., 1900-1901, XXX, 508. 7 Pfuhl, Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Infectionskrankh., Leipz., 1902, XL, 555. ■ Savage, J. Hyg., Cambridge, 1905, V, 146. » Klein, Rep. Med. Off. Local Gov. Bd., Lond., 1898-9, XXVIII, 363. » Loesner, Arb. a. d. k. Gsndhtsamte, Berl., 1896, XII, 448. » TJ. S. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., Pub. Health Rep., 1912, XXVII, 187.