Notes for students in chemistry : being a syllabus of chemistry compiled mainly from the manuals of Fownes-Watts, Miller, Wurz, and Schorlemmer / by Albert James Bernays.

Albert Bernays

Date:: 1878

Credit: Notes for students in chemistry : being a syllabus of chemistry compiled mainly from the manuals of Fownes-Watts, Miller, Wurz, and Schorlemmer / by Albert James Bernays. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$MALONIC, MESOXALTC AND SUCCINIC ACIDS. oxamate (0.,0„)(H„N)OCH3. Ethene oxalate (C„0„)(0CH„); troin silver oxalate'by C„H ,Br„. Prejj. of oxalic acid. i. From calcium oxalate by SOj'XOH),. 2. from sugar by oxyclation with nitric acid: C,„H'2oO,i + gO, = 5OH2 + 6 oxalic acid. 3. by lieatiuE; potassium-amalgam in C0„; or Na, in jCO., = (C„0.,)(0Na)2. 4. Upon a large scale, by heating .sawdust witii'iiiixt KOII + 2NaOH at about 204° C. and treatment with water, which leaves sodium oxalate undissolved. From (C„0„)(ONa)„ + Ca(OH)„ = (C„0„)(0,Ca) + zNaOH. From calcium oxalate by sulphuric acid : (CoO„)0„Ca + SO„(OH), — SO„O.^Ca-|-(C„0„)(0H)„.—2. Malonic acid CJi.O, = (CjH^Oo) (OH), = (CH;)''(COOH)„ ; rhomboids. Melts at 140° 0. At i5o°C. into Co, + (CH3)C00H. By oxydizing malic acid + O, = CO.J + OH, + malonic acid. Also by oxydation of pko- PENE-GLYCOL (C3Ho)(OH),. [NiTEO-MALONIC ACID (CH)(NO) (COO II),. in fusible needles : explosive. Amido-malonic acid CH(H„'N')(COOH),, by nascent H, upon the nitro-compound. Shilling prisms. By heat into COj and ajiidacetic acid CH,(f-i,N)COOH or glycocin.] Mesoxalic acid CO(COOH), - C^HoO^ by substitution of O for Hj in malonic acid CH„('COOH),. Deliquescent prisms, containing OH,. Melts atj 115° C. By oxydizing amido- malonic acid CH(NO)(COOH)„ + 0 = H3N + C0(COOH),. Also from allo.xan + 2OH, (lioiled with alkalies) = C0(H„N)2 + C'0(C00H)2. Nascent H, converts mesoxalic acid into tae- TRONic acid CH(OH)(COOH),. 3. Succinic acid (C^KJ'(006r % = C,H„0, = (C^H,02)(0H)j. Colorless oblique rbombic prisms, soluble in 3 of cold and 5 of boiling water. Melts at 180° C; boils at 235° C, loses OH, and becomes succinic oxide or anhtdridb {CJIfi„y'0. Also: CjH,(C00H)2 -I- CI5P = CI3OP -I- 2CIH + (C,H;0„)0. Al- kaline succinates readily soluble. Ferric succinate, red-brown precipitate, dissolved by CIH. Succinates, not precipitated from salts by acids, bid, in the cold, by CljBa, after addition of H3N and alcohol. Succinic acid exists ready formed in amber (succimim). Most easily obtained by fermenting calcium malate. (See Malic acid C2H3(0H)(C00H)2, p. 105.) Also by oxydizing butyric acid CjHXCOOH) = OH, -|- succinic acid. Also by action of IH upon malic acid. Thus : C,H30H(C00H), -f- 2 Jtl = -t- OH2 + succinic acid.—Also from ethene cyanide (C,H|)G2N2 by alcoholic pota.ssoxide. Thus: (C2H,|)C2N2-|- 2H0K-F 2OH2 = 2H3N-I-POTA.SSICMsuccinate. (C2Hj)(COOK)2. Also by na.scent H2 to pumaiuc acid (C2H2)(C00H)2. Mono- bromsuccinic acid G2H3Br(COOH)2 by heating the acid with Br2 and water in sealed tubes to 160° 0. In groups of needles, easily soluble. Molts at 160° C. evolves BrH, and becomes fumaric acid. By boiling with HOAg, into BrAg and malic H 2$