Notes for students in chemistry : being a syllabus of chemistry compiled mainly from the manuals of Fownes-Watts, Miller, Wurz, and Schorlemmer / by Albert James Bernays.

Albert Bernays

Date:: 1878

Credit: Notes for students in chemistry : being a syllabus of chemistry compiled mainly from the manuals of Fownes-Watts, Miller, Wurz, and Schorlemmer / by Albert James Bernays. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$a yellowish powder, very solnhle in water. Astringent; bitter. Eecldens litmus. Precipitates gelatin, albumin, many alkaloids, &c. Ferric tannate, a bluish-black precipitate, is the basis of common ink. Decomposes at 250° C, with formation of pyro- galloi. By dilute acids + OH, into 2 mols. of gallic acid. Kinic acid C„H;(OH)^COOH, is mono-basic, pentatomic. Tn cinchona bark. Colorless prisms, easily soluble. By heating with 2IH = 40H„ -f I„ -I- benzoic acid. Dimethyl-benzene or xylene C„H,|, = CsHj.CCHj), is the horaologue of benzene C„H„ and toluene C,Hg. Colorless, volatile liquid. Several isomeric modifications. Dimethyl anUin CHjCCHj^N. Boils at i92°0. Dimethyl phenol C,H,„0 = C,H,.OH = C„H3.(CH3),.0H. Also, xylenol. Phenyl-propyl alcohol C„H,iOH = C„H5.(CHj)3.0H. By nascent hydrogen on cinnamic alcohol C„H„0H. Phthalic aldehyde Cgl-IoOo = C„H,(COH),. From phthalyl chloride CgH^ (COCl), by nascent H. In colorless tables. Phthalic acid CgH^ (COOH),, in prisms, little soluble in cold water. Melts at 185^ C. By heat into water and phthalic anhyuride C,iHj(CO),,0. By action of 4O, upon napththalene C,„H8 = ox.\lic acid -f fhthaltc ACID. Wheii C|iH,(COOH)„ is heated with excess of Calcium hy- droxide, we obtain benzene C„H,. and 2[C0(0„Ca)]; but when 2[C,.HXC00H),] are heated with (OH)X'-a, calcium ben-zoate (C,H5C00)„Ca results, together with 2OH., -j- 2C0„. [Mellitio acid Cc(COOHV,, in colorless needles, fusible; very stable. Mellite or Honey-stone is mellitate of aluminum. Rhodi- zonic acid CjOoH^CCOOH).,, formed by the action of water upon O3O3K3. Croconic acid C5H0O,, by action of boiling on solution of potassium rliodizonate.] Citric acid CJ-IsO, = CjH^COH) (C00H)3, crystallizes with 0H„ in trimetric prisms from a cold solution. Very soluble, of pleasant sour taste. Tetratomic, tri- basic. Prevents precipitation of ferric by ammonia. If mixed with tartaric acid, in solution iletected by pota.ssium acetate. On boiling citric acid with lime-water in slight excess, calcium citrate is precipitated white, insoluble iu KOH. With a ferment of putrid flesh, yields butyric acid chiefly, and succinic acid Gently heated with SO.,I-t, gives ofl' torrents of CO. Heated ■with voTA.ssn'M hydroxide ; 4KOH -|- citric acid = C;0„(OK)„ + 2(CH3.COOK) -f 30H„. Salts of Ba, Sr, Cn, Pb and Ag in- soluble. Found in lemon- and lime-juice. Clear liquor neutral- ized with chalk, and the calcium citrate decomposed by SOJIo. VII. Heptane series. Normal heptane C^H,,; = CH3.(CH.,)5. CHj, liquid of sp. gr. 0.712, is contained in ^petroleums. Heptyl alcohol or oenanthylic alcohol CH3.(CH,),,CH-20H, is a . colorless, oily liquid. From he])tyl aldehyde CH3.(CH.,)5COH by moist sodium amalgam. (Enauthylic acid CjHuOj is the eeventh of the fatty acids (p. ^ r^xi/nxi n ntT VIII. Octane series. Normal octane CgHig = OiijQOilj^oi^Xij,$