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Punjab.

Date:: 1908

Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: Punjab. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Cover
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Table of Contents
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392/486 (page 360)

Cattle, &c. Irrigation. Forests. Minerals. Arts and The cattle, as elsewhere in the hills, are small but hardy. The trans-Giri cows are by far the best. Buffaloes have been imported of recent years, but are only kept by the well-to-do and by the Gujar immigrants from Jammu, who form a separate community and often own large herds. Goats are kept both for food and the hair, which is exported, and sheep for the sake of the wool and for sale, those of the khddu kind being the best and fetching high prices. Ponies are bred only in the Dun, and the State keeps a pony and a donkey stallion at Paonta. The State contains no irrigation wells or canals, but a scheme for taking a small canal out of the Giri river to irrigate the Dun is in contemplation. Springs and torrents, however, afford ample means of irrigation, especially in the Rainka and Pachhad tahsJls, in which over one-third of the area is irrigated. The streams are diverted into kuhls or watercourses. The State forests are valuable. Along the western face of the Chaur range runs a compact belt of forest 20 miles long by I to 5 wide, mostly of oak, but also stocked in parts with fir, spruce, birch, and yew. Deodar occurs pure in 12 blocks, and occasionally blue pine. Below this belt oak and pine (E. longifolia) occur in places. Another but narrow belt of oak, 23 miles long, covers the slopes of the Chandpur, Maro- lani, and Harlpur ranges below 7,000 feet. The ridges between the Giri river and the Dharthi range are covered with scrub jungle, interspersed with pine, and, on the lower slopes, are sub-tropical in character. The lower hills, including the Kiarda Dun and the northern face of the Outer Siwaliks, have an area of 176 square miles, of which 104 square miles are stocked with sal, pure or mixed, 67 with tropical species, and 3 with pine. The Forest department is controlled by a Con- servator, under whom is a considerable staff of officials, mostly trained foresters. The State is divided into two forest divisions, the Rajgarh or upper and the Nahan or lower, each with five ranges. In the former division the forests are classed as pro- tected, in the latter as ‘ reserved,’ many of those in the Dun being absolutely closed. Nearly all have been demarcated. The forest revenue in 1904 was Rs. 80,000. Iron is found in several places, but none of the mines is worked, and iron for the foundry is imported. Lead, copper, alum, and ochre are also known to exist, but only the last is mined at two places. Gold is found in minute quantities in the Run, Bata, and other streams. Slate quarries are worked in the Pachhad and Rainka tahslls. The only important industry is the foundry at Nahan, which

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