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Punjab.

Date:: 1908

Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: Punjab. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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435/486 (page 403)

Chamba State.—Native State in the Punjab, under the Boun- political control of the Commissioner, Lahore Division, lying between 32° 10' and 33° 13' N. and 75° 45' and 77° 33' E., aKilT’ with an estimated area of 3,216 square miles, and shut in on almost every side by lofty hill ranges. It is bounded on the west and north by the territories of Kashmir, and on the east and south by the British Districts of Kangra and Gurdaspur. Two ranges of snowy peaks and glaciers run through the State : one through the centre, dividing the valleys of the Ravi and the Chenab ; the other along the borders of Ladakh and British Lahul. To the west and south stretch fertile valleys. The country is wholly mountainous; and the principal rivers are the Chandra and Ravi, which flow generally from south-east to north-west. Geologically, the State possesses all the characteristics of Geology, the North-West Himalayas, though local details vary. Along the southern margin of the mountain region are found the lower Siwalik or Nahan sandstones, and the upper Siwalik conglomerate. Along tl>e southern margin the Nahan series predominate. At the higher elevations the flora is that common Flora, to the North-West Himalayas generally, but some Kashmir types find their eastern limit in the western valleys. In the Ravi basin and Pangl, Cedrus Deodara and other conifers abound, and there is also a good deal of mixed forest. Chamba Lahul has an almost purely Tibetan flora. Chamba Fauna, is a favourite resort of sportsmen; and the mountain ranges abound with game, comprising the black and brown bear, leopards, Kashmir stag, ibex, gural^ barking-deer, thdr^ serow, and snow leopard. The musk deer is found in many parts. Among game-birds the chikor^ snow partridge, and five species of pheasant are common. Fish are found in the larger streams. With altitudes of 2,000 to 21,000 feet, every variety of climate Climate may be experienced. That of the lower tracts resembles the and tem- perature. plains, except that the heat in summer is less intense. In the central parts the heat in summer is great, but the winter is mild and the snowfall light On the higher ranges, at altitudes of from 5,000 to 20,000 feet the summer is mild, and the winter severe with heavy snowfall. The autumn months are generally unhealthy, except on the upper ranges, the lower valleys being malarious. In the lower valleys the rains are heavy and pro- Rainfall, longed. In the Ravi valley the rainy season is well marked and the rainfall considerable. In the Chenab valley it is scanty, heavy rain is unusual, and the yearly average does not exceed 10 inches. Rain also falls in the winter months, and is D d 2

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