Volume 1

Chemistry, theoretical, practical, and analytical : as applied and relating to the arts and manufactures / by Dr. Sheridan Muspratt.

  • Muspratt, Sheridan, 1821-1871.
Date:
[1860]
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Chemistry, theoretical, practical, and analytical : as applied and relating to the arts and manufactures / by Dr. Sheridan Muspratt. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    64 ALCOHOL ] alcohol in the boiling solution; and the third, the quan- tity of alcohol in the vapor evolved:— Temp. Per cent, of alcohol in the boiling liquid in the retort Per cent of alcohol in the distillate. Temp. Per cent of alcohol in the boiling liquid in the retort Per cent, of alcohol in the distillate. 171° 92 93 189-5° 20 71 158-9 90 92 191-8 18 68 172 85 91-5 194 15 66 172-7 80 90-5 196-3 12 61 173-8 75 90 198-5 10 55 175-1 70 89 200-8 7 50 176 65 87 203 5 42 178-3 50 85 205-3 3 36 180-5 40 82 207-5 2 28 182-8 35 80 209-8 1 13 185 30 78 212 0 0 187-3 25 76 The elastic force of alcohol-vapor is very great; the following table, showing the elastic force from 32° Falir. to 264°, is given in the Philosophical Transactions for 1818. The specific gravity of the alcohol was 0‘813. Temp. Force of vapor. Temp. Force of vapor. Temp. Force oi vapor. 32° 0-40 135° 12-15 216° 72-20 40 0-56 140 13-90 220 78-50 45 0-70 145 15-95 225 87-50 50 0-86 150 18-00 230 94-10 55 1-00 155 20-30 232 97-10 60 1-23 160 22-60 236 103-60 65 1-49 165 25-40 238 109-90 70 1-76 170 28-30 240 111-24 75 2-10 173 30-00 244 118-20 80 2-45 178-3 33-50 247 122-10 85 2-93 180 34-73 248 126-10 90 3-40 182-3 36-40 249-7 131-40 95 3-90 185-3 39-90 250 132-30 100 4-50 190 43-20 252 138-60 105 5-20 193-3 46-60 254-3 143-70 110 6-00 196-3 50-10 258-6 151-60 115 7-10 200 53-00 260 155-20 120 8-10 206 60-10 262 102-40 125 9-25 210 65-00 264 166-10 130 10-60 214 69-30 The expansion of alcohol by heat is not uniform; a thousand measures, spec. grav. 0'817, become one thou- sand and seventy-nine when heated from 50° to 170° Fahr. At a medium temperature the expansion is a little below the true mean; but with the state of dilution of the alcohol this difference between both ends of the scale becomes more marked. The greatest uniformity of expansion is between —14° and -|- 98°, being about 0‘00047 of its volume for every degree. The contrac- tion of alcohol from its boiling point, 173° Fahr., has been investigated by Gay-Lussac, who gives the con- densation of one thousand volumes in every 9° Fahr., or 5° C., from the boiling point of the liquid. Temperature. Volume of alcohoL Temperature. Volume of alcohol. Centigrade.j Fahrenheit Centigrrade. Fahrenheit 74-14° 173° 1000-0 38-4° 101° 954-3 73-4 164 994-4 33-4 92 949-1 68-4 155 988-6 28-4 83 944-0 63-4 146 982-5 23-4 74 939-0 58-4 137 975-7 • 18-4 65 934-0 53-4 128 970-8 13-4 56 929-3 48-4 119 965-3 8-4 47 924-5 43-4 110 969-7 3-4 38 919-9 Propekties. One volume of alcohol yields 488-3 volumes of vapor at 212° Fahr.; compared with water at the same tem- perature, the volume of alcoholic vapor is greater in the ratio of 3-14 to 1‘00. The specific gravity of the vapor of absolute alcohol, taking air as unity, was found by Gay-Lussac to be 1-6133. On tlie assumption that it is composed of one volume of aqueous vapor and one volume of olefiant gas condensed into one volume of vapor of alcohol, the density by calculation would be 1-6070; Berzelius, however, gives the density at 1-6004. According to Despretz, the latent heat of the vapor, on being compared with that of water, is as 332 to 351. Alcohol vapor, when transmitted through a red-hot tube, is decomposed: Saussure found that, on passing it slowly through a porcelain tube heated to redness, a little carbon was deposited on the interior of the tube, together with a volatile crystalline substance— naphthaline — and a brown empyreumatic oil; the gaseous products were carbide of hydrogen, carbonic oxide, and hydrogen. M. Berthelot passed alcohol vapor through a porcelain tube filled with pumice, and heated to redness. He obtained carbon, carbides of hydrogen, aldehyde, naphthaline, benzine, phenic acid, et cetera. The analysis of alcohol by Saussure, Dumas, and others, shows that it consists of— Atomic w “ight Per cent. 4 Eqs. of carbon, 6 Eqs. of hydrogen, 24 . 52-18 6 . 13-04 2 Eqs. of oxygen, 16 . 34-78 46 100-00 Formula:—C4 Hg Og = C4 Hg 0, H 0. This formula of alcohol is confirmed by the composi- tion and density of its vapor, as calculated from the density of the above constituents, videlicet— Density. 8 Volumes of carbon vapor, 3-372 12 Volumes of hydrogen vapor, 0-825 2 Volumes of oxygen vapor, 2-205 Equal four volumes of alcohol vapor,... 4) 6-402 Density of vapor of alcohol 1-6005 Alcohol possesses the property of absorbing gases even in a higher degree than water. Considerable experiments had been instituted by Saussure on this subject, from whose results the following table has been formed:— There is absorbed at 61*1®, ol By 1 volume air-free water. By 1 volume air-free alcohoL sp. gr. 0‘ti4. Volumes. 43-78 2-53 1-06 0-76 0-155 0-065 0-062 0 046 0-042 Volumes. 115-77 6-06 1-86 1-53 1-27 0-1625 0-145 0-051 0-042 Sulphide of hydrogen, About sixty-eight volumes of hydrochloric acid gas are absorbed by alcohol, as also binoxide of nitrogen, nitric oxide, and cyanogen in considerable quantities.