The involuntary nervous system / by Walter Holbrook Gaskell.

  • W. H. Gaskell
Date:
1920
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: The involuntary nervous system / by Walter Holbrook Gaskell. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    rcprf:Kcrjt t.Ijr; portion of Auerbach’s plexus in the lar^^e intc'Stino' it'.elf. As already rnrmtioner], the [^^elvic nerve has no connexion vvitfj any of tlie cells of the inferior mesenteric nannlion. Irj addition to the contraction caused by stimulation of the motor supply to the bladder connectc-d with the pelvic nerve, it has lorj:'beerj recoryiized that stimulation of thehypo^astric nerve also causes some vesicular contraction, and consequently the bladder is supplied with motor fibres which arise from nerve cells belon^- inn to the thoracico-lurnbar as well as the sacral outflow. € * Now it is a strikiny fact that the contraction of the bladder, seen v/fien the hy^^oyastric nerve is stimulated, does not in most cases involve the whole of the ornan, but is confined to its neck and base; tfie part affected beinn roughly a triangular area, called tfie trigonurn, v/hose apex is at its neck, and whose base is formed by a line joining the openings of the two ureters into the bladder. According to islliott, who has made a study of the nature of this contraction, it varies considc-rably in different animals, being confined to the base and neck in the dog, cat, monkey, rabbit, jyig, and mongoose. In both the ferret, and Indian civet cat, the contraction on stimulation of the lumbar nerves extends over the whole bladder, but at the same time the sacral nerves cause also upon stimulation a full contraction of the whole organ. In the female goat the contraction caused by hypogastric stimu¬ lation is like that in the dog and cat, but in the male goat it resembles that in the ferret and extends over the whole organ The bladder of the female goat is of larger volume than that of the male goat, which in its strong walls and small volume resembles that of the ferret. In all cases the results of nerve stimulation v/ere confirmed by the action of adrenaline. My own interpretation of these observations of Elliott is that, in such cases as the ferret and male goat, the musculature belonging to the .sympathetic system has spread farther over the bladder than usual and has thus added another coat to the cloacal musculature, but the morphological differentiation of the tv/o musculatures still exists, and is in all cases shown by the action of adrenaline, iclliott’s objection to this view, that tlic bladder in the frog and toad is purely cloacal in origin, and yet its musculature is supplied with motor nerves from the 7th nerve root, which represents the lumbar outflow, as well as
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