A manual of artistic anatomy for the use of students in art : being a description of the bones and muscles that influence the external form of man / by John C.L. Sparkes.

  • John Charles Lewis Sparkes
Date:
[1900]
Catalogue details

Licence: In copyright

Credit: A manual of artistic anatomy for the use of students in art : being a description of the bones and muscles that influence the external form of man / by John C.L. Sparkes. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    24/200 (page 10)
    called the ramus or branch ; it forms a part of the rim of the hole called the obturator foramen, and sometimes the thyroid hole, and also foramen ovale. The body is the upper and thicker part of the bone which forms the socket; from the body the YUj ;; spinous process of the ischium projects X. i. ii. backwards, and, pointing towards the sacrum, receives from its lower end the uppermost of two long ligaments, which, from their passing between the ischium and sacrum, are called the sacro-ischiatic ; by this ligament the large notch of the ilium, just below the juncture of the ilium with the sacrum, is made into a large round hole, called the sacro-sciatic foramen, which gives passage to the pyramidalis VIII. ii. muscle. VIII.—IX. i. The Ramus of the ischium rises obliquely upward and forward to join the similar branch of the pubes; it contains the enclosure of the thyroid hole. VIII.i—IX. The Pubes, or share bone, is the i-—smallest third of the os innomi- natum; it forms the fore part of the pelvis and completes its brim. It, too, consists of body and ramus. The body is that part which com- pletes the socket of the thigh bone; it grows forward to meet the corresponding half on the opposite side, and between them fibro-cartilage is interposed. Over the middle of this bone two great muscles pass out from the pelvis to the VIII i thigh. The ramus is more slender, and joins the ramus of the ischium j VIII. i. jtg fe]iow it forms the arch of the pubes, and completes the thyroid hole. VIII.—X. ii. There are a few points respecting the pelvis that require attention. VIII. i. The acetabulum, so called from its re- semblance to the vinegar cup of the ancients, is the hollow or deep socket for the head of the thigh bone. It is called a bony ring, but at the lower edge a portion of the ring is missing. This is made up by a ligament; the bony cup is deepened in the recent subject by a rim of cartilage ; this is, of course, lost in the dry skeleton. The brim or VIII i arc^ Pe^v^s should be noted as the arch by which the weight of the body and upper limbs is transmitted to the thigh bones, and thence to the ground. THE LOWER EXTREMITY. — BONES OF THE THIGH, LEG, AND FOOT. The Femur or Thigh Bone is the largest bone of the body; it supports the whole weight of the body, and it does this under most unfavourable conditions, for the body is seldom so placed as to rest equally on both thigh bones, and the neck stands off at right angles to the shaft; it is more usually inclined on one side or the other, and, as this is the case, the weight of the body is usually thrown on to one thigh bone alone, the neck of which bears all the burden. The body is regular and cylindrical, but with a ridge behind attached to it; it swells out at each end into an expanded head. It is bent forwards, perhaps to relieve the stiffness of a rigid straight bone; also for the advantage of the strong flexor muscles at the back of the thigh, to give them greater power or more room. The head is two-thirds of a sphere ; it is placed deeply in the socket, which is not only an ample cavity in itself and so far very secure, but is also deepened by a border of cartilage. It is thus a very strong joint, still further strengthened by powerful ligaments. The dimple or depression in the centre of the acetabulum is for the attachment of the round ligament, which at its other extremity is fastened to the head or ball, and there forms a pit or depression. The neclc is more than an inch in length, thick, and strong, and set out at a considerable angle to allow the head to be set more deeply in the socket and to keep the movements wide and free. The trochanters, or turners of the thigh, receive the muscles which turn it on its axis; they are the points of attachment, also, for those muscles which bend and extend the thigh. The larger, called trochanter major, is that great hump of yT bone which is placed at the outer end of the neck, and which rises above it. On the upper and fore part of this great process are two surfaces for the insertion of the gluteus medius and minimus. There is on its inner side a depres- sion or pit, or notch, into which the smaller rota- tors of the thigh are inserted; such are the pyriformis, gemelli, and the two obturators. On its lower margin is a strong ridge for the insertion of the gluteus maximus. The trochanter minor is a smaller and more pointed process on the inner side of the bone under the root of the neck. It is placed somewhat back- wards, so that muscles which straighten it point