Volume 1
Watts' dictionary of chemistry / revised and entirely rewritten by H. Forster Morley and M.M. Pattison Muir ; assisted by eminent contributors.
- Date:
- 1888-1894
Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: Watts' dictionary of chemistry / revised and entirely rewritten by H. Forster Morley and M.M. Pattison Muir ; assisted by eminent contributors. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
715/796 (page 689)
![(Regnault, A. Ch. 71, 377; Dumas, A. Ch. 73, 95). Caebon iodide. CI,. Dark red octahedra ; S.G. !2? 4-32 ; sol. in alcohol, ether, or CS,. De- composed by heat to C and I; boiled with H.20 or dilute HIAq gives CHI3. Prepared by mixing equal vols. CC14 and CS, with saturated solution of A12IS in CS2, then diluting with H20 out of contact with air. The solution of A1,I6 is pre- pared by placing the proper quantities of Al (in small pjieces) and I in a stoppered flask and adding 3 times the quantity of CS., (Gustavson B. 14, 1705). Cabbon Bromochlobides : Trichlorobromo- methane CCl.,Br; two tctrachlorodibromo-cthancs G,Cl4Br,; dichlorotetrabromo-ethane C,Cl,Br4 ; chloropentabromo-etiiane C,ClBr5 ; dichlorodi- bromo-ethylene C,Cl,Br,; chlorotribromo-cthylcnc G,ClBr3 (v. these compounds under Methane, Ethane, and Ethylene). Carbon, hydrate of (?) By treating pig-iron with (1) CuSO,,Aq, (2) FeXl^Aq containing HC1, a brownish-black substance remains, contain- ing, according to Schiitzenberger a. Bourgeois (C. B. 80, 911) carbon and water in the ratio 11C:3H20. Besides the C and H20, the sub- stance gives about 10 p.e. ash. It loses 3H..0 at 250°. Carbon nitride = Cyanogen (q. v.). Carbon, oxides of. Two oxides certainly exist, CO and CO.,; these formute are molecular; each bears the relation of anhydride to an acid, CO is formic anhydride (the acid is H..CO.,), C02 is carbonic anhydride (the acid is H,C03) (v. infra). Both oxides can be obtained by direct combination of O with C ; either can be produced from the other, by combining with O or with C, respectively. Both are stable gases; CO is an energetic reducer ; CO., in a few cases acts as an oxidiser. Brodie (Pr. 21, 245) and Berthelot (Bl. [2] 21, 102) have described bodies, produced by the induced electric dis- charge on CO, as oxides of C. Brodie noticed a gradual diminution in vol. of the CO and the formation of a red-brown film on the glass tube ; the solid was soluble in water giving a markedly acid solution ; its composition appeared to differ in different experiments; Brodie gives the for- multe C40., and C50,. Berthelot got brown, amorphous, humus-like bodies which dissolved in water with acid reactions, gave brown pps. with AgN03Aq, BaOAq, and Pb2N03Aq; at 300°-400° CO and CO, (equal vols.) were evolved, and another dark body remained, to which B. gave the composition C803. B. also (A. Ch. [5] 17, 142) states that by the action of electric sparks on pure C0.2 a gas was produced which reacted violently with Hg and oxidisable bodies. Carbon monoxide. CO. (Carbonic oxide; more properly, although rarely, carbonousoxide; formic anhydride.) Mol. w. 27-93. S.G. -9078 (air = l). V.D. 14. (c.-186°) (Wroblewski, C. B. 98, 982). S.H. p. -2346. S.H. v. -16844 (E. Wiedemann, P. 157, 1). C.E. -003667 (Reg- nault). S. (6°)-0287; (9°) 0269; (18-5°)-02315 (Bunsen). S. alcohol (2°) -20356; (13°) •20416 ; (16°) -20566 ; (24°) -20452 (Bunsen). na = 1-000301 ; mr = 1'000350 ; ,ur,= 1-000391 (Croullebois, A. Ch. [4] 20, 136). [CO, O] = 67,960 at const, press., and 67,670 at const, vol.; [C,0] = 29,000, and 29,290, respec- Vol. I. tively (Thomsen). Does not exactly obey Boyle's pv law ; — = 1-00293 (Regnault, Acad. 1862. 26, pivi 229). Liquefied by cooling to — 136° at pressure of 200-300 atmos. and then decreasing pressure, not too quickly, to not less than 50 atmos. (Wro- blewski a. Olszewski, A. Ch. [6] 1, 112 ; v. also Natterer, W. A. B. 12, 199 ; and Cailletet, C.B. 85, 1213 a. 1217, and A. Ch. [5] 15, 132). First obtained in 1770, by Lasonne, by heating C with ZnO ; obtained by Priestly, in 1796, by heating charcoal with iron oxide, but supposed by him to be H; proved by Cruickshank not to be a hydrocarbon ; true composition determined by Clement and Desormes. Occurrence.—In the gases from burning coal or charcoal; from the partial combustion or putrefaction of organic matter; or from the reduction of metallic oxides by charcoal, e.g. in the blast-furnace (Bareswil, J. Ph. [3] 25, 172 ; Bunsen, P. 46, 193 ; 50, 81). During the oxida- tion of gallic and tannic acids by exposure to air in alkaline solutions (Boussingault, A. Ch. [3] 66, 295 ; Calvert, C. R. 57, 873). In pig-iron and steel according to Troost a. Hautefeuille, also Parry (J. 1873. 997; 1874. 1083). Formation.—1. By passing steam over excess of red-hot C ; the product may contain about 28^ p.c. CO, 56i p.c. H, 14J p.c. CO.,, and traces of CH, (v. Naumann a. Pistor, B. 18,164). 2. By passing a slow current of CO, over red-hot C, and washing the gases through KOHAq and soda-lime.—3. By heating CO, with those me- tallic oxides which do not readily part with O, e.g. ZnO, PbO, FeL,03; oxides which readily give up O yield but little CO, as it is again oxidised to CO,.—4. By passing CO, over red-hot Cu, or over hot Zn-dust (Noack, B. 16, 75).—5. By heating C02 to 1300° (Deville, C. B. 59, 873).— 6. By electric sparks through CO, (Buff a. Hof- mann, A. 113, 140).—7. By heating powdered CaCO., or K,C03 with one-sixth its weight of powdered charcoal; Na.S04 heated with C also yields CO (with Na,S).—8. In very small quanti- ties (with COS) by passing CO, and S vapour through a red-hot tube (Berthelot, A. Ch. [5] 30, 547).—9. By heating dry H,C,04, or by reaction between H,C,04 or an oxalate and hot cone. H,SO,.—10. By heating H.CO.H, or a formate, with cone. H..SO.,. Preparation. — 1. One pt. dry powdered K4Fe(CN)G is heated, in a capacious vessel, with 8-10 pts. cone. H,S04; as soon as frothing begins the lamp is lowered to a small flame; the gas is passed through milk of lime and KOHAq, to remove CO, and the SO, formed in the process; SO, is evolved only in the earlier- stages of the reaction (Grimm a. Ramdohr, A. 98, 127). 15 g.K,Fe(CN)„ yield about 4 litres CO: K.FefCN),; + 6H,S04 + 6H,0 = 6CO + 2K,S04 + 3(NH,),S04 + FeS04 (Fownes). 2. Dry CaC.O,,, or BaC„04, is mixed with about pt. dry CaO .H,, and the mixture is strongly heated in a hard glass flask; the gas is passed through milk of lime, and is then dried:— CaC,04 gives CaC03 + CO ; the CaH.,0, absorbs any CO, formed. — 3. According to Cherrier (C.B. 69, 138) pure CO-may be prepared by passing the gases produced by heating H,G,0, with H,S04 through a red-hot tube filled with Y Y](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b21995990_0001_0715.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
