Volume 1
Watts' dictionary of chemistry / revised and entirely rewritten by H. Forster Morley and M.M. Pattison Muir ; assisted by eminent contributors.
- Date:
- 1888-1894
Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: Watts' dictionary of chemistry / revised and entirely rewritten by H. Forster Morley and M.M. Pattison Muir ; assisted by eminent contributors. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
735/796 (page 709)
![and by HI into C1UH162HI [76°]. The terpene also gives a hydrochloride C1I1H102HC1 [52°]. A solid tetrabromide could not be got (Weber, A. 238, 98). 2. From Malabar. The oil from Elettaria Cardamomum slowly deposits crystals of C10H1(j3H..O (Dumas a. Peligot, A. Ch. [2] 57, 334). CARDOL O^H^O, (?) An oil, occurring with anacardic acid (q.v.), in the pericarp of the cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale). It is sol. alcohol and ether. It is not volatile; it blisters the skin. It gives with basic lead acetate a pp. of C.,,H.,u(PbAc)O..PbO (Stadeler, A. 63, 137). Anacardic acid C.,,H3,l(OH)CO.,H in alcoholic solution gives with metallic solu- tions pps. of the salts: AgA'. — CaA' 2aq. — BaA'aq.—MgA'aq.—Its methyl ether is an oil (Ruhemann a. Skinner, C. J. 51, 663 ; B. 20, 1861). CARICIN. An oily substance present in the seeds of the Papaw tree (Carica papaya) (Peckolt, Ph. [3] 10, 343). CARMINAPHE v. Naphthoquinone. CARMINIC ACID C17H„O,0. The colouring matter of cochineal which is obtained from insects of the genus Coccus, chiefly Coccus cacti. Cochineal contains only 10 p.c. colouring- matter (Pelletier a. Caventou, A. Ch. [2] 7, 90; 8, 255; Warren de la Rue, A. 64, 1, 23; Schittzenberger, A. Ch. [3] 54, 52 ; Schaller, Bl. [2] 2, 414; Mene, C. B. 68, 666; Dieterich, C. C. 1867, 287; Liebermann, B. 18, 1969). The lead salt is ppd. on adding lead acetate to an aqueous infusion of cochineal; by this means the quantity of colouring matter in cochineal may be estimated. Carmine, a red pigment prepared from cochineal, appears to be a com- pound of carminic acid with alumina, lime, and some organic acid. Cochineal also contains a fat (in which are ethers of myristic acid, of C, |H2(;02 and of C,2H2.,02 and a waxy substance, coccerin (Raimann, M, 6, 891; Liebermann, B. 19, 328). Properties. — Purple mass, sol. water and alcohol, si. sol. ether. Its solution forms red pps. with the alkaline earths and with acetates of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ag. Alum and Na2C03 give the aluminium lake. Reactions.—1. Boiling dilute H2S04 forms ' carmine-red ' and a sugar C6H120,- (Hlasiwetz a. Grabowski, A. 141, 329). According to Lieber- mann the formation of sugar is questionable.— 2. Potash-fusion gives coccinin, oxalic acid, and succinic acid (H. a. G.).—3. Cone. H..SO, at 130° forms a compound C32H!0O13 and ruflcoccin C16H10O6 (Liebermann a. Dorp, A. 163, 105).— 4. HNO:! forms nitro - coccic acid CsH.(N02)303.—5. By distillation with zinc-dust a small quantity of a solid hydrocarbon CI6H,2 is produced, this forms plates melting at [187°] (Furth, B. 16, 2169). Salt s.—Na„A.—K„A a-aq.—BaA xaq. Coccinin C,4H,,05. Prepared as above. Yellow laminfe (from alcohol) ; insol. water, v. sol. alcohol, si. sol. ether. Sol. alkalis. The alkaline solutions are yellow and absorb oxygen, becoming green and, finally, purple. The solu- tion in cone. IPSO, turns indigo-blue on warm- ing. On distillation with zinc-dust it yields a small quantity of a hydrocarbon C1SH12 which forms plates melting at [187°].—C,4Hn(NH,)05. Acetyl derivative. Yellow crystals, sol alcohol and acetic acid, insol. water (Furth, B. 16, 2169). Ruflcoccin C16H10OG. Formed as above. Brick-red powder, si. sol. warm water and ether, m.sol. alcohol. The ethereal solutions fluoresce green. The alkaline solutions are brown. Cone. H.,S04 forms a violet solution.— CaC^HsO, Compound C^.H^O, ,. Black insoluble pow- der. Forms violet solutions in KOHAq and cone. H2S04. Both this compound and rufl- coccin give CJBH12 [187°] when distilled over zinc-dust. Carmine red CnH120,. Formed by boiling carminic acid with dilute H,S04 (v. siqira). Dark purple mass with green lustre; scarlet when powdered. Alcohol and water form red solutions. Insol. ether. Potash-fusion forms coccinin. Water at 200° forms ruficarmine OuHjA—S alts: K.,CnH10O;.—CaC,,H,0O;.caq — BaG,,!!,,^, xaq. — ZnCHH,g07 xaq. — Zn(0I1H1,Oj)2a;aq. If carmine-red be dissolved in acetic acid, and treated with bromine two products are ob- tained, named provisionally (a)- and (fi)-bromo- carminc. The (a)-bromo-carmine is sparingly soluble in acetic acid and separates in crystals (yield: 10 p.c), whilst the amorphous (/3)-broino- carmine remains in solution and is ppd. on adding water (the yield is 20 p.c). ' (a)-Bromo-carmine ' CppLBrjO., crystallises in colourless needles, [248°], v. sol. alkalis. By boiling with strong aqueous KOH it gives ' (a) - Bromo - dioxy - carmine,' so called, C|UH,iBr.,05, which forms colourless crystals, [208°]. By its behaviour on etheriflcation it is shown to contain one C02H and one phenolic OH group. On oxidation with KMn04 it yields two bodies:—(a) An acid CaH, ,Br20., which forms colourless crystals [244°]. By its reactions on methylation it is proved to contain one OH and CO.,H group, whence it probably has the constitution C, (CH,)Br.,(OH)(CHO)CO,H or C,iH(CH:))Br,(OH)CO.CO.,H.—(b) A neutral body C,,H,Br204, [195°], which by its reactions is shown to be a di-bromo-oxy-methyl-phthalic anhydrideCbMeBr2(OH)C.,0.,:6 [1:2:4:3:5:6]. ' (j8)-Bromo-carmine,' so called, is the second product of the bromination of carmine-red, and separates in yellow amorphous flocks on adding water to the acetic acid solution. It is v. sol. alcohol, acetic acid, &c, but could not be ob- tained in a pure state. By boiling with strong aqueous KOH it is converted into ' (0)-Bromo-oxy-carmine ' CnH.Br304, which forms glistening yellow needles, [232°]. It is a di-basic acid and forms red salts. On oxidation with KMn04 it yields two bodies:—(a) An acid CjuHjjBivOg which forms colourless prisms (containing aq), and melts at [230°] with evolu- tion of CO,. From its reactions it probably has the constitution C,;MeBr,(OH)(CO,,H)CO.CO.,H. (b) A neutral body C,,H.1Br,04 identical with that obtained from the ' (a)-bromo-oxy-carmine' (Will a. Leymann, B. 18, 3180). CARMUFELLIC ACID C1,H20O„;. An acid said to be formed by the action of HN03 on the aqueous extract of cloves. Micaceous scales,](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b21995990_0001_0735.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
