Essentials of legal medicine, toxicology and hygiene : with 130 illustrations / by C.E. Armand Semple.

  • Semple, C. E. Armand (Charles Edward Armand), 1845-1895
Date:
1895
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Essentials of legal medicine, toxicology and hygiene : with 130 illustrations / by C.E. Armand Semple. Source: Wellcome Collection.

Provider: This material has been provided by the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University, through the Medical Heritage Library. The original may be consulted at the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library at Yale University.

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    Hopper Closet, and has none of its objections, these being provided against by tbo adoption of a hollow plug which, when lifted, allows of the rapid discharge of all ia.-jal matter, and, when down, of the retention of a considerable quantity of water in tho closet-basin. This is no foul reservoir, as in the Pan Closet, and also a large water'-trap is provided, with less waste than in the Hopper Closet. The Bramah closet.—This is a valve-closet, furnished with a receiver only of sufficient size to permit of the full action of the valve. The receiver presents the same disadvantages as the ordi- nary Pan Closet. DISPOSAL Or SEWAGE. The following methods are employed.:— A. THE IJKY METHOD.—This includes the following:— 1. Mould's Dry Earth Closet.—Closets filled with pans, in which dry earth is contained. 2. The Charcoal Closet. —The pans filled with charcoal. Ii. The Couz System.—The excrement is collected in tubs Id] inches, and 20 inches wide at the top, and lined with dry absorbents. On the bottom, dry stable-sweepings are placed, a solid plug, about 4 inches smaller than the tube in every direction, being placed upon this. More dry stable-sweepings are packed into the space between the plug and sides of the tub, the plug being then removed. 4. The Ash Closet.—The ashes from house fires are used. There arc several objections to all the above. B. THE WET METHOD.—This includes— 1. Emptying: t%>e sewage into the sea or a neighbouring river. 2. Addition of Disinfectants and other substances in order to precipitate the solid matter, and- leiting the liquid part flow into the sea or river; 3. Employment of the sewage for fertilisation purposes by means of irrigation. ■!•. Filtration. Upward an ' downward filtration through gravel, sand, sawdust, and charcoal. Upon the whole, the water-carriage system is the best; but, to be carried out with success, it demands a good supply of water, good sewers and drains carefully ventilated, a sufficient fall to communicate to the current Vie, needful velocity, a good sub-soil drainage apart from the sewers, and a method of utilising the sewage. defecation op SEWAGE- —The three best-lcnown Chemical Processes are the following:— 1. The Phosphate of Aluminium Process.—The sewage is precipitated by native phosphate of aluminium (dissolved in sul- phuric acid), and the subsequent addition of caustic lime. This is a very expensive,process. 2. The lime Process.—In proportion to the strength of the sewage, a definite quantity_of caustic lime is added. _ All the sus-