On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music / by Hermann L.F. Helmholtz ; translated, thoroughly revised and corrected, rendered conformable to the 4th (and last) German edition of 1877, with numerous additional notes and a new additional appendix bringing down information to 1885, and especially adapted to the use of musical students, by Alexander J. Ellis.

Hermann von Helmholtz

Date:: 1895

Credit: On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music / by Hermann L.F. Helmholtz ; translated, thoroughly revised and corrected, rendered conformable to the 4th (and last) German edition of 1877, with numerous additional notes and a new additional appendix bringing down information to 1885, and especially adapted to the use of musical students, by Alexander J. Ellis. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$Flue-pipos of an organ open and stopped, 886, c. [their pitch aecording to Cavaille-Coll, 89c, tl. effect of temperature on pitch of, S9c', c?'.] motion of air inside, for open pipes, 89c to 90 6, for stopped pipes, 90c. their reduced length, 916. distance of plane of reflexion from the end of pipe aecording to Prof. Helmholtz, 91 6, [aecording to Bosanquot, Lord Rayleigh, and Blaikley, 91c?], motion of air at mouth, 926. narrower stopped cylindrical, have proper tones corresponding to the unevenly num- bered partials, the wider not so, and hence giveprime tone almost alone,94«, theblowing of them, 394« to 3966. sce Organ pipes, flue Flute pipes, see Flue pipes Flutes, bad for harmony, joke on a Flute concerto and concert, good in eombination with other instruments, 205c?. [old and new, their intonation, 555d' to 556«] [Folliano, L., invents the meantone, but not the meantone temperament, 547c?] [Foot, lengths of, in different countries, their effect on pitch, 512«] Force of tone, 10c. its measure, 10c?. of sound, its mechanical measurement, 10c?, [75c?'] Forks, tuning, their sympathetic resonance, 39c?, 40«. [generally have the second partial, 54c?. condition s of not having any partials, 55c?'.] purified from secondary tones by a j ar, 54c?, or a string, 55c. see also Tuning-fork Forkel, *296c?, 321c?, *321c?' [Förster & Andrews, 5006] Forte and Piano, how produced on Organs, 94c Fortlage, 307c Four-part chords, 2226 Fourier (1768-1830), his law, 346. its acous- tical expression, 34c. what it shews and does not shew, 356. mathematically solves Pythagoras’s problem, 229« Fourth, 14c?. chiefly disturbed by major Third, 1896. its precedence over maj or Third and major Sixth principally due to its being the inversion of the Fifth, 1896. a perfect consonance, 194c. why formerly not con- sidered as a consonance, 196c?. between two simple tones delimited by beats of diffe- rential tones, 200«. mode of, Greek Ionic Ecclesiastical Mixolydian considered, 302c. [its predominance, 524c?] [France, pitch, 508«] Franco of Cologne, end of 12th Century, admits Thirds as imperfect consonances, 190«. his order of consonances, 196c [Francois, 5086] [Fraser, his organ, first commercially issued in equal temperament, since burned, 5496'] Free Reeds, 956. [in Chinese Sheng, 65c?. not used in English organ pipes, 96c. treated by Mr. Hermann Smith, 554c?] French pitch, 16c?. [Commission on pitch 494c?'. Sixth, 461c] French horn, sec Horn Frequency defined, 11«, [11c?] Fullah negroes have pentatonic scales, 257c Fundamental major and minor chords 212r? bass, 294c [Fürstenau, M., 499 G Gabrieli Giovanni of Vcnice, composer Con- temporary with Palestrina, 247c. what wo miss in him, 2486, 296« Gaels have learned heptatonic scales, 2586 Gafori, treatise on music, 1480, *312c?] Galileo (1564-1649) on laws of motion of strings, 15« [Galin, P., his book and System, 425c?. adopts Huyghens’s cycle of 31, 425d] Galin-Paris-Cheve System of teacking singing, 425c. [its history and principles, 425c? note fj Galleries of cochlea, 1376 [Gamelan or Javese band, how it plays, 526c] [Gand, 509«] [Gardiner, Tonic Sol-fa teacher, 427c] [Garneri, G., or ‘ Joseph ’ (Cremona, 1683- 1745), also called Guarnerius, resonance of his violins, 87c] [Garneri, P. (Mantua, 1701), resonance of his violins, 87c'] Geigen-principal organ stop, 93«, c, c? Gemshorn organ stop, 94«, [94c?] Gerbert, *196c? [German peculiarity of consonants, 66c?, cl'. habit of beginn ing vowels with the check or Arabic hamza, 104c?'. Sixth, 461c. pitch, 5096] • [Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig, pitch, 5106] Glarean sometimes allows tenor and bass to be in different keys, 245c?. his Dodecachordon and its order of consonances, *196c. bis six authentic and six plagal scales with false Greek names, 245c, d. his names of the modes, 269« Glass harmonicon, 71« [Glazebrook’s electric method of determining pitch, 4426 ] Gleitz, Organist, on Erfurt bell of 1477 and its tones, *72c? Glottis, 98« [Glover, Miss Sarah, starts the System of teaching to sing developed as Tonic Sol-fa by John Curwen, 424«] [Glyn & Parker, maker of Handel’s Foundling Hospital organ, 505c?] Goethe, 1749-1832, relied on mixtures of pig- ments, 64c? Goltz, his investigation of the cilise of am- pullae, leads to suppose that they and the semicircular canals serve to give Sensation of revolution, 1516 [Got, M., pronounces oui without voice, 68c?] Goudimel, Claude, a Huguenot, master of Palestrina, 2476 Graham, G. F., *258c?', 260c?', 261c? [Grave liarmonics = combinational tones, 153c note] [Gray, Dr., helps J. Broadwood with divided belly-bridge, 77c'] [Gray & Davison, 506c, 507«. in 1854 first send out an organ in equal temperament 5496'] [Great Exhibition of 1851 had no English organ in equal temperament, 549«'] [Greatorex, 496c] [Greece, old tetrachords, 512c?, 519c?. ditto afber Al Farabi, 512c?, 519c?. scales, 514 to 515 most ancieut, 5156. later, and Al Farabi’s 515c, 519c?] Greek Music, 237. tonal System, 262 to 271. later scale, 270c, 6. [scales, 514 to 515«] Greeks had a certain esthetic feeling for tonality, but undeveloped, 242c [Green, 505c?] Gregory, Pope, a.d. 590-604, his Settlement of the Liturgy, little more than established the Roman school of singing of Pope Sylvester, A6\)a. mserts accidental scales amoug Am- brosian essential, 271c?' [Griesbach, J. H., 499c?, 5056] O O 2$

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