Volume 2

A dictionary of Christian antiquities : being a continuation of the 'Dictionary of the Bible' / edited by William Smith and Samuel Cheetham ; illustrated by engravings on wood.

Date:: [between 1890 and 1899?]

Credit: A dictionary of Christian antiquities : being a continuation of the 'Dictionary of the Bible' / edited by William Smith and Samuel Cheetham ; illustrated by engravings on wood. Source: Wellcome Collection.

30/1016 (page 1082)

$MAMON, martyr; commemorated at Alex- andria Aug. 9 (Jlieron, Mart.). [C. H.] MANAEN, or MANAHEN, Herod’s foster- brother ; commemorated at Antioch May 24 (Usuard. Mart.; Bed. Mart. Auct.; Boll. Acta SS. May, v. 273). [C. H.] MANASCHIERT, COUNCIL OF {Mana- schiertense Concilium), held at Manaschert in Ar- menia A.D. 687, according to Mansi, by command of Omar the Saracen leader, under the Armenian patriarch John. Its decrees on doctrine seem framed in opposition to the sixth council, where Monothelism was condemned ; while several of its decrees on discipline seem condemned pro- fessedly by the 32nd and 56th of the Trullan canons (Mansi, xi. 1099. Comp. Constantinople, Councils of (34), p. 444). [E. S. Ff.] MANDRA. A favourite appellation for mo- nastic establishments in the East was tnandra, fiauhpa, a fold, used both alone, iv /aovaarr]plots virdpxovres ^Xrovv fxdvSpais (Epiphan. Haercs. 80), or with distinctive epithets ay/o, Oela, lepd, TTueuptaTiK^ ptdvZpa. The sacred precinct, or cloistered atrium in front of the church of St. Simeon Stylites, surrounding the pillar on which he stood, was popularly known as Mandra, taking the name of the enclosed plot in the midst of which the column was erected (Evagr. H. E. i. 13, 14). [Archimandrite.] [E. V.] MANDUTIUS; commemorated Aug. 16 (^Cal. Byzant.). [C. H.] MANDYAS (juat/dvas, /xauSurj, /uauSlou). This name is now given in the Greek church to the outer garment worn by monks, which is also used on some occasions by bishops, who are, as a rule, drawn from the monastic orders. In shape it is, on the whole, similar to a cope, being a long cloak, reaching almost to the feet, and fastened at the thi'oat. It seems originally to have been borrowed from the Persians, and is defined by Hesychius as eidos Ijuarloo Uepcruy, TroKe/jLiKhv Ipdriov. In the West we find it frequently spoken of as a dress worn by emperors and kings. The earliest instance of the use of the word in its ecclesias- tical sense is apparently in Germanus, patriarch of Constantinople (^Hist. Eccles. et Mystica Theorix; Patrol. Gr. xcviii. 396). For later instances reference may be made to Ducange, G ossarium Graecum, s.v., and Goar’s Euchologion, pp. 113, 495. [R. S.] MANECHILDIS, or MENEHOUD, virgin in Gaul; commemorated Oct. 14 (Boll. Acta SS. Oct. vi. 526). [C. H.] MANETHO, virgin at Scythopolis, martyr; commemorated Nov. 13 (Basil. Menol.). [C. H.] MANGER {Praesepe). In the crypt be- neath the altar of the Sixtine chapel which forms part of the Liberian basilica (S. Maria Maggiore) at Rome is preserved the sacred culla, which forms the object of a solemn cei'e- mony and procession on Christmas Eve. The culla is supposed to consist of five boards of the manger in which the infant Saviour was laid at the Nativity [Magi ; Nativity]. This manger was visited by Jerome and his disciple Paula (Hieron. Epist. 108, ad Eustochium, § 10). The boards were brought to Rome from Bethlehem, together with some fragments of rock from the cave which is the traditional scene of the Nativity, when the remains of St. Jerome were translated in the middle of the seventh centurv by pope Theodore I. [Not a.d. 352, as is main- tained by Benedict XIV., de Canoniz. Sanct. 1. iv. pt. 2.] They are now enclosed in an urn of silver and crystal, with a gilt figure of the Holy Child on the top. (Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexicon, xii. 698, s. v. Krippe ; Murray, Handbook of Rome, p. 128, 9th ed.) The modern practice of setting up in churches representa- tions of the manger or cradle is said to have originated with St. Francis of Assisi. [C.] MANILIS, martyr; commemorated May 11 (Jlieron. Mart.). [C. H.] MANILIUS, martyr ; commemorated in Africa April 28 (Jlieron. Mart.; Boll. Acta SS. April, iii. 571). [C. H.] MANILUS (1) Martyr; commemorated in Africa March 7 (Hieron. Mart.). (2) Martyr; commemorated in Africa March 8 (Hieron. Mart.). (3) Martyr; commemorated in Cappadocia March 15 (Hieron. Mart.). (4) Martyr; commemorated April 12 (Hie- ron. Mart.). (5) Martyr; commemorated at Perusia April 29 (^Hieron. Mart.). (6) Martyr; commemorated in Africa May 11 (Hieron. Mart.). [C. H.] MANIPLE (Pallium Linostimum [?], Map- pula, Manipulus [to be referred, like the other uses of the word, to the 2M-iinary notion of hand- ful ; see Ducange, s. ??.], Manip'da, Sudarium, Phanon, Fanon [cf. German Fahne and Latin pannus, which are doubtlessly allied : see Grimm, Deutsches Worterbuch, s. v.; the English pennon also is apparently derived from pannus'], Mantile, Manuteryium: This vestment in its primary form appears to have been merely a handkerchief or napkin held in the hand, but in later times it became an ornamental vestment pendent from the left wrist. It perhaps furnishes us with another illustration of what we have already spoken of in the case of the dalmatic (see the article), of the gradual extension of what was in its origin a peculiar use of the local Roman church throughout the whole of the West; an extension at first jealously resisted by the Roman clergy. The Easteni church has nothing answering to the maniple, but apparently the eyx^lpior sj)oken of by Ger- manus, to which we shall refer below, was in its time a real, though accidental, parallel. Possibly the earliest trace of the original use of the maniple is to be found in the order of Silvester I. (ob. a.d. 335) that deacons should wear dalmatics in church, and that their left hand should be covered with a cloth of linen warp (pallium linostimum : see Walafrid Strabo, de Rebus Eccles. c. 24; Patrol, cxiv. 952 ; Ana- stasius Bibliothecarius, de Vitis Rom. Font., Patrol, cxxvii. 1513). Marriott, who is disposed to connect this with the later maniple, suggests (Vestiarium Christianum, p. 108 n.) that the$