Volume 1

A text-book of human physiology : including histology and microscopical anatomy with special reference to the requirements of practical medicine / by L. Landois ; translated from the seventh German edition with additions by William Stirling.

Landois, L. (Leonard), 1837-1902. Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. English

Date:: 1891

Credit: A text-book of human physiology : including histology and microscopical anatomy with special reference to the requirements of practical medicine / by L. Landois ; translated from the seventh German edition with additions by William Stirling. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$cat mouse and horse; and very readily from that of the rat and guinea-pig {Preyer). [Copeman finds that coloured crystals can be obtained from the blood of the frog. More rarely a crystal is formed from a single corpuscle enclosing the stroma. Crystals have been found near the nucleus of the large corpuscles of fishes, and in this class of vertebrates colourless crystals have been observed. Crystals of hemoglobin are readily found m the prepared blood of the Dicliroism.—Heemoglobin crystals are doubly refractive and pleo-ehromatic; they are bluish-red with transmitted light, scarlet-red by reflected light, ihey contain from 3 to 9 per cent, water of crystalHsation, and are soluble m water, but more so in dilute alkalies. They are insoluble in alcohol, ether, chlorotorm, and fats. The solutions are dichroic; red in reflected hght, and green m trans- mitted light. In contact with protoplasmic cells, e.g. leucocytes, hsemoglobni is destroyed in five days and regenerated again after twelve days {Schwartz). In the act of crvstallisation the haemoglobin seems to undergo some internal change. Before it crystallises it does not diffuse like a true colloid and it a so rapidly «^^««^^ peroxide. If it be redissolved after crystallisation, it diffuses, although only to a small extent but it no longer decomposes hydric peroxide, and is decolorised by it. [The presence of 0 favours crystallisation.] 12 PREPARATION OF HEMOGLOBIN CRYSTALS.-Method of RoUett.-Put defibimated blood in a platinum capsule placed on a freezing mixture, freeze the ^^^^^^^ and then thaw i^ pourthelake-coloured blood into a plate until it forms a stratum not more than 1^ mm. m thickness and allow it to evaporate slowly in a cool p ace when crystals ^^'^ll/fP^^^^^^^^- ^ , Method of Hoppe-Seyler.-Mix defibrinated blood with 10 volumes of a 20 pei cent salt solution, and allow it to stand for two days. Remove the clear ^^er Avud >vitlx a wash th^ thick deposit of blood-corpuscles with water, and afterwards shake it foi a lo^g t m^ with an equal volume of ether, which, dissolves the blood-corpuscles. Remove the ethei liitei Th lakeSouied blood, add to it k of its volume of cold alcohol (0 ), and allow the mixt^^^^^^ stand in the cold for several days. The numerous crystals can be collected on a filtei and pi essecl ''X:ZTtri^^S.'^-?^.. defibrinated blood, which has been exposed foi-^twenty^^ur hours to the air, and keep it in a closed tube of narix)w calibre for several days at 3/ C W hen the blood is spread on glass, the crystals form rapidly. [Raceme tubes answer ^ ely well.] [Method of Stirling and Brito.-It is in many cases sufficient to mix a drop of blood xAitfi a fei drops of water on a glass slide, and to seal up the preparat on. After a few days beautif crystals are developed. The addition of water to the blood of ««je/^^,^!«' ^ *^Verv and the ffuinea-piff, is rapidly followed by the formation of crystals of haemoglobin. Veiy krVeiTsS of deduced haemoglobin may be obtained from the stomach of the leech several 'fws'o^Äd H^^^^^ be obtained from human blood ; (1) by the addition to blo^od of decomposed sermrof of pericardial fluid ; (2 treatrnent with ^X.TiuJlin^^ bile of a cat; (3) agitation with ether ; (4) semi-digestion m the stomach of the leech Bond, Cope^iani ^^hey may also be obtained as reddish-viole f^^^^^'^^ pn^^^^ transmitted light if they are thin, by sealing up some putrefying HbO^ m a tube m an atmosphere of hydrogen [Nenchi and Sicher).'] 13 QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF HMOGLOBIN.- (a) From the Amount of Iron.— As dry (100° C.) haemoglobin contains 0-42 per cent, of iron, the amount of ^aynoglobm m^^^ be calculated from the tmount of iron. If m represents the percentage amount of metallic iron, then the percentage of hemoglobin in blood is The procedure is the following :- Calcine a weighed quantity of blood, and exhaust the ash with HCl to obtain ferric chloride, whicrirÄrnied into ferrous chloride. The solution is then titrated with potassic ^ rCoTorimetricMethod.-Prepare a dilute watery solution of hemoglobin crystals of a known strength. With this compare an aqueous dilution of the blood to be mvestiga d by adding watefto it until the colour of the test solution is obtained. Of course, the solutions must be compared in vessels with parallel sides and of exactly ^^^'^^J^'^. 7^''^^^^^ same thickness of fluid (Hovpe-Seyler). [In the vessel with parallel sides, or hsematmometer, hTsides a^e exactly 1 centimetr^ apart. I.stead of using a standard so ution of oxyhemo- globin, a solution of picro-carminate of ammonia may be used {Rajeicsky, Malasse.).] ^ (c) By the Spectroscope.-Preyer found that a O'S per cent. ^'ffT solu ion (1 cm^ tlu^^^^^^^ allowed the red, the yellow, and the first strip of green to be seen (fig. 25, 1). Take the blood ?rblhivestigated (about o's c.cm.), and dilute it with water until it shows exac ly tb optical effects in the spectroscope. If Tc is the percentage of Hb which allows green t 0 pass$