Volume 2
A dictionary of arts and sciences / [G. Gregory].
- George Gregory
- Date:
- 1806-1807
Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: A dictionary of arts and sciences / [G. Gregory]. Source: Wellcome Collection.
34/1082 page 20
![\ 20 INF of this motion. rately true. “method easy, some analogous principles are polygon of an inhi number of sides, which being produced, give thé tangents of the curve; and by their inclination to each other measure the curvature. This is as if we should suppose, when the base flows uni- formly, the ordinate flows with a motion which is uniform for every infinitely small part of time, and increases or decreases by in- finitely small differences at the end of every such time. But however convenient this principle may be, it must be applied with caution and art on various occasions. It is usual therefore, in many cases, to resolve the element of the curve into:two or more infinitely small right lines; and sometimes it is necessary, if we would avoid error, to resolve it into an infi- nite number of such right lines, which are in- finitesimals of the second order. In general, it is a postulatum in this method, that we may descend to the infinitesimals of any or- der whatever, as we find it necessary ; by which means any error that might arise in the application pf it may be discovered and corrected by a proper use of this method it- self. For an example of this, see Maclau- rin’s Fluxions. ; INFLAMMABILITY, that. property of bodies which disposes them to kindle or catch fire. See Caroric, CHEMISTRY, &€. INFLAMMATION. Sce SurcERY, and MEDICINE. °* INFLECTION, or point of inflection, in the higher geometry, is the point where a curve ‘begins to bend a contrary way. See FLEXURE. ‘To determine the point of inflection in curves, whose semi-ordinates CM, Cw (Pl. Miscel. fig. 134) are drawn from the fixed point C; suppose CMto be infinitely near Cw, and make mH = “Mus let Tz pens the curve in M. Now the angles CvT, CMm, are eyual; and so the angle (mH, avhile the semi-ordinates increase, does decrease, if the curve is concave towards the centre C, and increases if the convexity turns towards it. ‘Whence this angle, or, which is the game, its measure, will be a minimum or maxi- raum, if the curve-has a point of inflection or retropression ; and so may be found, if the arch TH, or fluxion of it, be made equal to 0, or in- finity. And in order to find the arch TH, draw ml, 80 that the angle [mL be equal to CL; 2 thenif Cm’ == 9, mr = x, aE 1, we shall have tx fc y 2% tte] —. Again, draw the arch HO to the radius CH; then the small right lines mr, OH, are parallel; and so the triangles OLH, mur, are similar; but because Hl is also per- pendicular to ml, the triangles LHI, mLr, are Sie ay. 9, oat heat +38 5 os . Dy 3 also similar; whence ¢ } x ‘INF while the ordinate CM increases, their difference rH decreases; whence x +- jy — jj == 0, which is a general equation for finding the point of in- flection, or retrogradation. See FLuxions. may be defined‘ an accusation or complaint exhibited against a person for some criminal offence, either immediately against the king, or against a private person, which, from its enormity or dangerous tendency, the public good requires should be restrained and pu- nished. It differs principally from an indict- tion found by the oath of 12 men, but an in- formation is only the allegation of the officer who exhibits it. 3 Bac. Abr. 164. Informations are of two kinds: first, those which are partly at the suit of the king, and partly at the suit of a subject ; and, secondly, such as are only in the name of the king: the former are usually broughtsupon penal sta- tutes, which inflict a penalty on conviction of the offender, one part to the use of the king, and another to the use of the informer ; and are called qui tam, or popular actions, only carried on by acriminal instead of a civil process. . Informations that are exhibited in the name of the king alone are also of two kinds: first, those which are truly and properly his own suits, and filed ex sfficio by his own imme- diate officer, the attorney-general ; secondly, those in which, though the king is the nomii- nal prosecutor, yet it is at the relation of some private person, or common informer ; and they are filed by the master of the crown office, under the express, djrection of the court. The objects of the king’s own prose- cutions, filed ex officio by the attorney-gene- the government. ‘The objects of the other species of informations, filed by the master of the crown office, upon the complaint or relation of a private subject,.are any gross and notorious misdemeanors, riots, batteries, libels, or other immoralities, of an atrocious kind, not peculiarly tending to disturb the government, but which, on account of their magnitude or pernicious example, deserve the most public animadversion. And when an information is filed either thus, or by the attorney-general ex officio, it must be tried by a petty jury of the county where the of ence arises ; after which, if the defendant is king’s bench for his punishment. 4 Black. 308. If acommon informer should willingly de- lay his suit, or discontinue, or be nonsuit, or shall have a verdict or judgment against him, he shall pay costs to the defendant. 18 Eliz. Gre And in the court of king’s bench, particu- larly if the defendant shall appear and plead to issue, and the prosecutor shall not at his own costs, within a year after issue joined, procure the same tobe tried; or ifa verdict pass for the defendant, or the informer pro- cure a noli prosequi to be entered ; the said court of king’s bench may award the defend- ant his costs, unless, the judge shali certify that there was a reasonable cause for exhibit- INH ing such information; and if the informer shall not, in three months after such costs taxed, and demand made, pay the same, the defendant shall have the benetit of the recog- nizgance, to compel him thereunto. 4 and 5-Wii.cr 18. INFRALAPSARIANS, in church history, an appellation given to such predestinarians as think the decrees of God, in regard to the salvation and damnation of mankind, were formed in consequence of Adaim’s fall. INFUSION, a method of obtaining the virtues of plants, roots, &c. by steeping them in a hot or cold liquid. INFUSORIA, in natural history, minute simple, animalcules, seldom visible to the naked eye. When water is examined with the microscope, particularly that which has long been stagnant, and has vegetable matter growing in it, or water in which vegetables have been infused, thousands of minute ani- mals have been discovered, which -have been arranged together in this order. When wheat . that is richety is infused in water, small eel- shaped worms are discovered, which were the cause of the disease. Wheat thus injured is very different from’ smutty wheat. The grains are brown, shrivelled, and of irregular forms; each contains one or more of these worms, which lie dormant as long as the grain is dry; but as soon as it is moistened by being sown, or otherwise, the worms are revivified, feed on the flour, and lay their eggs. Ifsuch grain vegetates, the young, as soon as they are hatched, eat their way up the stem, and bury themselves in the young succulent ear. ’ INGRESS, mw astronomy, signifies the sun’s entering the first scruple of one of the four cardinal signs, especially Aries. INGROSSER. See ForEsTALLING. INHALER, in medicine, a machine for steaming the lungs with warm water, recom- mended by Mr. Mudge in the cure of the ca- tarrhous cough. ‘The body of the mstrument resembles a porter-pot, holds about a pint, and the handie, which is fixed to the side of it, is hollow. In the lower part of the vessel, where it is soldered to the handle, is a hole, by means of which and three others on the upper part of the handle, the water, when it. is poured into the inhaler, will rise to the same level in both. ‘To the middle of the cover a flexible leathern tube, about six or se- ven inches long, is fixed, with a mouth-piece of wood or ivory. In the cover there is a valve fixed, which opens and shuts the come | munication between the upper and internal part of the inhaler and the external air. This valve is extremely simple : being formed only of a short tube descending inwards from the cover, and having beneath a small hole upon which a ball of cork plays. When the mouth is applied to the end of the tube in the act of inspiration, the air rushes into the handle, and up through the body of warm water, and the lungs become, consequently, filled with hot vapour. In exspiration, the mouth being still fixed to the tube, the breath, together — with the steam on the surface of the waterin _ the inhaler, is forced up through the valve in the cover. =, ' INHERITANCE, is a perpetuity in lands. or tenements to a man and his heirs; and the word inheritance is not only intended where a man has lauds or tenements by des](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b3351978x_0002_0034.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
