Euphorbia nicaeensis All. Euphorbiaceae. Distribution: North Africa, Southern Europe to Turkey. Root extracts have been shown to have cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory action in experimental situations. Euphorbia species all have toxic sap, and had many names in early literature, eg esula, about which Culpeper (1650) says that '(taken inwardly) are too violent for vulgar use
- Dr Henry Oakeley
 
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outwardly in Ointments they cleanse the skin, and take away sunburning.' As Tithymallos - with various spellings - it was recognised by Theophrastus as an emetic (transl. by A.F.Hort, 1980) Photographed in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, London.