Volume 1

Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas.

  • Joseph Thomas
Date:
1911, ©1908
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    1422/1486 (page 1404)
    Kossuth. After the defeat of the Hungarians in 1849 he lived in exile. Died in 1865. See “ Nouvelle Biographie G^n^rale.” Josquin Desprez or Depres. See Despr&s. Josselin de Courtenay, zhos'liN' deh kooRt'n^', a French nobleman, who went on a crusade to Palestine in iioi. Pie was created Count of Edessa by the King of Jerusalem, and won great distinction by the numerous victories which he gained over the Saracens. Died in 1147. Joat, yost, (Isaak Marcus,) a learned Jew, born at Bernburg, in Germany, in 1793, studied philology at Gottingen and Berlin. His principal work is a “ History of the Israelites,” (10 vols., 1846.) He also published a translation of the “ Mishna,” with a text and commen¬ tary. Died November 25, i860. Josue. See Joshua. Jc/tham, [Heb. Drw,] King of Judah, was the son of Uzziah, whom he succeeded B.c. 757. Jotun, yo'tun, in the plural Jotuns, [an old Norse word signifying “giant,” supposed to be derived from an ancient form of the verb to “ eat,” (Anglo-Saxon toten,) the most prominent characteristic of the Jotuns being their prodigious voracity. (See Thorpe’s “ North¬ ern Mythology,” vol. i. p. 148,)] in the Norse mythology, the name applied to certain mythical beings supposed to be hostile to men and to the beneficent ALsir. The Jotuns, or Giants, are types of the disturbing, untamable, or destructive forces of nature. Hence the wolf Fenrir, (supposed to typify volcanic fire,) Midgard’s Serpent, (the vast untamable ocean,) and Hela (the goddess of death) are all represented as of Jotun birth. Loki him¬ self is considered to be of Jotun origin, and is the father of the mightiest and most terrible beings belonging to that race. Cold or frost, being one of the principal causes of desolation and death, is represented as the parent of a powerful family of Jotuns, termed Frost-giants. The abode of the Jotuns is called Jotunheim or Utgard, (oot'gird, i.e. “ outer ward,”) and comprises the desert regions on the outermost boundary of the world. The Jotuns (i.e. the elements of disorder and desolation) are represented as being always at war with the Aisir, the powers presiding over life and order. (See ^Esir.) The opposition is eternal; they are never reconciled, as in the case of the Vanir and ^Esir, (see Vanir,) because there can be no reconciliation between order and confusion, or between life and death. See, besides the work above referred to, Kkyser, “Religion of the Northmen;” Mallet, “Northern Antiquities;” Petersen, “ Nordisk Mythologi.” Joubert, zhoo'baiR', (Barth£lemy Catherine,) a French general, born at Pont-de-Vaux, in Bresse, in 1769. In 1791 he enlisted in the army of the Rhine, and served with distinction against the Austrians. Two years later he was taken prisoner by the Sardinians. He soon after regained his liberty and returned to France, where he boldly opposed the Jacobins. In 1794 he re¬ ceived the appointment of adjutant-general, and in 1795, having displayed great bravery at Loano, he was raised to the rank of a brigadier-general on the field of battle. He subsequently gained distinguished honours at several battles in Italy and in the Tyrol. In 1799 he was ap¬ pointed general-in-chief of the army in Italy, and fell at the battle of Novi, in August of that year. Joubert, (Francois,) a French priest and Jansenist, distinguished for his learning, born at Montpellier in 1689. On account of his principles, he was persecuted by the Jesuits and was imprisoned in the Bastille. He wrote commentaries on the Apocalypse and on a number of the Hebrew prophecies. Died in 1763. Joubert, (Joseph,) a French Jesuit, born at Lyons, known as the author of a valuable work, entitled “ French and Latin Dictionary, taken from the Original and Clas¬ sical Authors in both Languages.” Died in 1719. Joubert, (Joseph,) a French moralist, born at Mon- tignac (Perigord) in 1754, became a resident of Paris about 1778. He was an intimate friend of Fontanes, by whose influence he was appointed inspector-general of the University of Paris in 1809. He died in 1824, leaving many manuscripts, a part of which Chateaubriand edited, with the title of “ Pensees.” A more complete edition of the “Pensees, Essais,” etc. appeared in 2 vols., 1842. Joubert, (Joseph Antoine Rf.n£,) a French general, born at Angers in 1772. He served with distinction at Heliopolis, Wagram, (1809,) Smolensk, (1812,) and Liit- zen, (1813.) Died in 1843. Joubert, (Laurent,) an eminent French physician, born at Valence in 1529. He graduated at the Univer¬ sity of Montpellier, of which he was afterwards chosen chancellor. He was also appointed first physician-in¬ ordinary to Henry III. He wrote “ Popular Errors in regard to Medicine,” (1578-79,) which was often re¬ printed, and a “Treatise on Laughter.” Died in 1583. Joubert, (L£o,) a French author, born December 13, 1826. He very early won distinction as a critic and re¬ viewer. He was chief editor of the “Moniteur Univer- sel,” (1868-77,) and wrote “ Leaena,” a romance, (1869,) “La Bataille de Sedan,” (1873,) anc* other works. Joubert, (Pietrus Jacobus,) a Boer general, born in 1831 or later in Cape Colony, or, as some accounts state, in Pennsylvania. He served with the United States forces in the civil war. Subsequently he became a prominent citizen of the Transvaal Re¬ public, and was acting president during the term of President Burgess. He went with Paul Kruger to England in 1878 to protest against the annexation of the Transvaal, and in 1880 joined with Kruger and Pretorius in proclaiming its independence. In the war that followed he commanded the army and won the famous victories of Laing’s Nek and Majuba Hill. He was elected vice-president in 1883, contested the presidency in 1888, and in 1899 took command of the army in Natal, defeating the British in several en¬ gagements and holding General White besieged for months at Ladysmith, despite General Buller’s efforts at relief. He died at Pretoria, March, 1900. Jouenneaux. See Juvenal. Jouffroi, de, deh zhoo'fRwi', [Lat. Joffre'dus,] (Jean,) a French prelate, born at Luxeuil about 1412. He obtained the favour of Louis XI., who procured for him a cardinal’s hat in 1461, and made him his almoner. Died in 1473. Jouffroy, zhoo'fRwS', (Francois,) a French sculptor,, born at Dijon in 1806. He gained the grand prize in 1832, and received a pension. He became a member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in 1857. Died in 1882. Jouffroy, (Theodore Simon,) a French philosophical writer, born near Mouthe (Doubs) in 1796, was a pupil of Victor Cousin, who influenced the development and direction of his mind. He was appointed a tutor of philosophy (Hive rlpStiteur) in the Normal School in 1817. This school having been suppressed in 1822, he began to write for several journals in Paris. In 1830 he became a professor in the Normal School, then re-estab¬ lished. He produced a version of the complete works of Thomas Reid, (6 vols., 1828-35.) In 1833 was appointed professor of Greek and Latin philosophy in the College de France. He exchanged this position in 1838 for the office of librarian to the University, and succeeded Laromigui&re as professor of philosophy in 1837. Among his works are “ Melanges philosophiques,” (1833,) and “Cours d’Esthetique,” (1843.) He a^s0 produced a version of Dugald Stewart’s “Essays on Moral Philosophy,” (1826,) to which he wrote a valuable preface. Died in 1842. See Mignet, “Notice sur Jouffroy,” 1853; Adolphe Gar- nier, article “Jouffroy” in the “Dictionnaire des Sciences philoso¬ phiques,” tome iii.; “ Nouvelle Biographie G&i^rale.” Jouffroy, de, deh zhoo'fRwi', (Claude Francois Doroth6e,) Marquis, an ingenious Frenchman, born in Franche-Comte, about 1750. He studied the con¬ struction of different vessels, and went to Paris, where he conceived the idea of propelling boats by steam. His first vessel of this kind was launched in 1776. Although this attempt was far from being successful, Jouffroy was convinced that his object was attainable. In 1703 he completed another steam-vessel, one hundred and forty feet long, with which he ascended the Saone several miles, but, on account of his limited means, was unable to carry his invention to a higher state of perfection. The inventions of Jouffroy were highly spoken of by Robert Fulton. Died in 1832.