Volume 1

Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas.

  • Joseph Thomas
Date:
1911, ©1908
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    1427/1486 (page 1409)
    court of his uncle, Micipsa, King of Numidia, and at an early age served under Scipio Aimilianus in the Roman army. During the war with Numantia he gained great distinction, and at its conclusion was highly commended to his uncle by Scipio. Micipsa soon after created him joint heir with his own sons Adherbal and Hiempsal. Upon the death of that monarch, Jugurtha caused Hiempsal to be murdered, and forced Adherbal to seek protection at Rome. Commissioners were sent out by the Roman senate to divide the kingdom between Ad¬ herbal and Jugurtha; but the latter, having bribed them, received the largest portion of the territory, and was declared to be innocent of the murder of Hiempsal. Resolving, however, to obtain the entire kingdom, he captured Adherbal in the city of Cirta, while he was yet under the protection of the Roman senate, and put him to death with the greatest cruelty. War was imme¬ diately declared against him by the Romans; but he succeeded in forming an advantageous treaty with the consul Calpurnius, who had been sent to reduce him to subjection. The senate refused to ratify this treaty, and summoned Jugurtha to Rome to answer the charges brought against him. He obeyed the mandate; but while in that city he procured the assassination of his cousin Massiva, another claimant of the Numidian crown. Upon the commission of this outrage he was commanded to leave Rome. As he was taking his last view of the capital, he is said to have exclaimed, “ Mercenary city, thou waitest only for a purchaser to sell thyself; and thou wilt perish if one is found.” After his return to Numidia he defeated a Roman army under Aulus Post- humius, compelling it to pass under the yoke and to evacuate the country. The war was afterwards con¬ tinued by Metellus; and, though Jugurtha was one of the ablest commanders of that age, he was unable to resist the Roman general, whose skill and prudence made him ever victorious on the field of battle, and whose stern integrity rendered him invincible to the golden offers of the Numidian usurper. Jugurtha, having been twice defeated by Marius, the successor of Metellus, was delivered to his enemies by the treachery of his ally, Bocchus, King of Mauritania. He was carried in chains to Rome, where he graced the triumph of Marius. He was then thrown into the Mamertine prison. His death, which occurred six days later, is generally supposed to have been caused by starvation. The Jugurthine war, which was terminated b.c. 106, is the subject of one of the histories of Sallust. See Sallust, “ JugurthaPlutarch, “ MariusLivy, “ Epi¬ tome,” books lxii., lxiv., lxvii.; “Nouvelle Biographie Gen^rale. ” Juigne, de, deh zhU-£n'yi',(ANTOiNEEL£oNORE L£on Leclerc,) a French prelate, born in Paris in 1728, dis¬ tinguished himself by his persecution of the Jansenists. In 1781 he became Archbishop of Paris. Died in 1811. See Lambert, “Vie de Messire A. £. Leclerc de Juign£,” 1821. Juign6-Broissini&re, de, deh zhu-in'yi' bRwii'se'- ne-aiR/, a French lawyer and compiler, was horn in Anjou, and lived about 1650. His principal work is a “Theological, Historical, Poetical, and Cosmographical Dictionary,” (1644.) Juillard or Juilhard. See Jarry. Jukes, jtiks, (Joseph Beete,) F.R.S., an English geologist, born near Birmingham about 1812. He pub¬ lished, besides other works, “ Popular Physical Geology,” (1853.) Died July 29, 1869. Jules, the French for Julius, which see. Jtilg, yiilG, (Bernhard,) a German philologist, born at Ringelbach, Baden, August 20, 1825. He studied at Heidelberg and Berlin, and held professorships of clas¬ sical philology in the Universities of Lemberg, Cracow, and Innspruck. His principal original investigations were in the Mongolian and other East-Asian languages. He published several volumes of “ Mongolian Legends” with German translations. Died August 14, 1886. JuTI-a, [Fr. Julie, zhii'le',] a Roman lady, remarka¬ ble for her beauty and virtues, was the daughter of Julius Caesar. She first married Cornelius Caepio, but, by her father’s command, procured a divorce and became the wife of Pompey the Great. She died 53 before the dissensions arose between her father and her husband. 39 b.c., was distinguished for her beauty, accomplish¬ ments, and disgraceful intrigues. She was married to Marcellus, upon whose death she became the wife of Agrippa, by whom she was the mother of five children. After the death of her second husband she was given in marriage to Tiberius, who divorced her, and afterwards caused her to be poisoned, 14 a.d. Julia, a daughter of the preceding, born about 18 B.c., was married to L. ALmilius Paulus. Her character is said to have resembled that of her mother. Some writers identify her with the Corinna of Ovid. Died 28 a.d. Julia, a daughter of Drusus and Livia, born about 5 A.D., was a niece of Germanicus. She was married to Nero, who was her cousin-german. Julia, daughter of Caesar Germanicus, was born 17 a.d. At the age of sixteen she was married to a Roman sena¬ tor named Vinucias. She was soon after suspected of conspiracy and banished by her brother Caligula, but was subsequently recalled by Claudius. She was put to death in her twenty-fourth year, at the instigation of Messalina. Julia de Fontenelle, zhii'le-t' deh f&N'teh-nSl', (Jean S£bastien Eugene,) a French chemist, born at Narbonne in 1790, published a “Manual for Glass- makers,” and other works. Died in 1842. See Henri Julia de Fontenelle, “ Notice sur M. Julia de Fon¬ tenelle,” 1843. Ju'll-a Dom'na, wife of the Roman emperor Septi- mius Severus, and the mother of Caracalla and Geta, was born in Syria about 170 a.d. She was the daughter of Bassianus, a priest of the sun. After the death of Seve- rus she endeavoured to heal the dissensions between her sons, but in vain; Geta was murdered in her presence in 212, by his brother’s orders. During the remainder of Caracalla’s reign she exerted great influence in the affairs of government. Died in 217. Julia Mammaea. See Mamm^ea. Ju'll-an, [Lat. Julia'nus; Fr. Julien, zhii'le^N',] or, more fully, Ju-li-a'nus Fla'vl-us Clau'dI-us, sur* named the Apostate, a Roman emperor, was bom in Constantinople in 331 a.d. He was the son of Julius Constantius, and a nephew of Constantine the Great. On the death of the latter, the soldiers, in order to secure the succession of his sons, massacred all the other members of the Flavian family except Julian and his elder brother Gallus. The jealousy of the emperor Constantius afterwards banished the brothers to Cap¬ padocia, where they were educated in the principles of the Christian religion and officiated as lecturers in the church of Nicomedia. In 351 Gallus was created Caesar by the emperor, and Julian was permitted to return to his native city, but in a short time was again exiled to Nicomedia. He subsequently embraced the philosophy of the Platonists, and, having obtained permission to visit Athens, he pursued his studies in that city and was privately initiated in the mysteries of the religion of Greece. After the execution of his brother, in 355, he was recalled to Constantinople through the influence of the empress Eusebia. Constantius created him Caesar, and gave him command of the armies in Gaul. Julian also received in marriage Helena, sister of the emperor. He made four successful campaigns against the Germans, who had overrun Gaul, expelled them from that country, took captive Chnodomarius, their most powerful king, invaded Germany, and gained a high distinction for military skill and personal bravery. Constantius; envious of the fame of Julian, and wishing to destroy his power, commanded him to send his best troops. to the East, in order that they might assist in the Persian war. The soldiers, who had become greatly attached to Julian, refused to obey, and, notwithstanding his remon¬ strances, proclaimed him Augustus. It is even stated that they threatened him with death if he refused the purple. He then sent an embassy to Constantius, re¬ questing that he might be recognized as Augustus in Gaul. This not having been granted, he marched towards Constantinople; but the sudden death of the emperor, in 361, enabled Julian to ascend the imperial throne unopposed. Immediately after his accession he threw off the hypocrisy which had shielded him for so long a time, and, renouncing Christianity, in which Julia, only daughter of Augustus Caesar, born about -e as k; 9 as s; g hard; g as/; G, H, K, guttural,■ N, nasal; R, trttM; § as «; th as in Ms. (HT-See Explanations, p 23.) »9