Volume 1

Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas.

  • Joseph Thomas
Date:
1911, ©1908
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    1428/1486 (page 1410)
    probably he was never a true believer, declared his faith in the divinities of Greece and Rome. He proclaimed liberty of conscience to all, commanded the pagan tem¬ ples to be reopened, and even attempted to restore Ju¬ daism by rebuilding the Temple at Jerusalem. He was prevented from completing this project by remarkable eruptions of fire, which rendered it impossible for the workmen to continue their labours. In the spring of 363 he set out from Antioch, at the head of 65,000 well- disciplined troops, on his contemplated invasion of Per¬ sia. He crossed the Euphrates and Tigris, and gained several important victories over the Persians; but the oppressive heat and the scarcity of provisions compelled him to retreat, and in June of the same year, as he was bravely repelling an attack of the enemy, a javelin wounded him fatally in the side. He died the following evening, while he was calmly conversing with his friends on philosophy. Julian was the author of an account of his Gallic and German wars, which has been lost, “ The Caesars,” “Misopogon,” a satire against the citizens of Antioch, whom he had offended by his philosophical austerity and his slovenly habits, and of about eighty letters upon various subjects. See August Nbandbr, “Ueber Kaiser Julian und sein Zeital- ter,” 1812, {translated into English by G. V. Cox, 1850;) La Blet- their, “Vie de TEmpereur Julien, 1735; Jondot, “Histoire de l’Empereur Julien,” 2 vols., 1817 ; William Warburton, Julian, or a Discourse concerning the Earthquake and Fiery Eruption which defeated that Emperor’s Attempt to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem,” 1750; Abel Desjardins, “ fitude sur l’Empereur Julien,” 1845; J. KOrner, “ Kaiser Julian der Abtriinnige,” etc., 1830 ; Gibbon, “ His¬ tory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;” Socrates, “ Historia Ecclesiastica;” Milman, “ History of Christianity.” Julian, Hoo-le-in', Count, Governor of Andalusia under the Gothic kings of Spain. After King Roderick had ravished the daughter of Julian, the latter formed a treaty with the Moslems for the invasion of Spain, and rendered them efficient service at the battle cf Xeres, where Roderick was defeated in 711 a.d. See Murphy, “History of the Mahometan Empire in Spain; Southey, “Roderick, the Last of the Goths.” Ju'li-an, [Lat. Julia'nus; Fr. Julien, zhii'le-iN'; It Giuliano, joo-le-i'no,] an Italian bishop, distin¬ guished for his opposition to the doctrines of Saint Au- jrustine, was born about 380, and studied theology under Pelagius. In 416 Innocent I. raised him to the see of Eclanum ; but about 420 he was banished from Italy on account of his Pelagian doctrines. Having been con¬ demned by several councils, he settled in Sicily. Died about 455. Julian, Archbishop of Toledo, and a saint of the Roman calendar, was born in Spain, of Jewish descent. He was raised to the see of Toledo in 680, and presided over four different councils held in that city. He was the author of a work on death, the resurrection, and the final judgment. Died in 690. Julian, (Marcus Aurelius,) a Roman Governor of Venetia, who in 285, while aspiring to the imperial purple, was defeated and slain near Verona by Carinus. Julian Cesarini. See Cesarini, (Giuliano.) Ju-ll-a'na, a woman of Portuguese descent, born in Bengal in 1658. Having gained the favour of Aurung- Zeb, she was appointed governess to his son, Shah Alum, who succeeded to the crown in 1707. In a battle between that prince and his brothers, who disputed the succession, she rode by his side on an elephant and greatly contrib¬ uted to his success. Shah Alum raised her to the rank of a princess, and conferred upon her many other honours. See “Biographie Universelle.” Julianus. See Julian. Ju-ll-a'nus or Julian, (Salvius,) a celebrated Roman jurist, and great-grandfather to the emperor Didius, was born about 100 a.d. He was twice chosen consul. His principal work is entitled “ Digesta,” in ninety books, and is often referred to by writers on Roman law. See J. G. Heineccius, “Programma de S. Juliano,” 1733. Julie. See Julia. Julien, the French for Julian, which see. Julien, zhii'le-iN', (Pierre,) a celebrated French sculptor, born at Saint-Paulien in 1731. He commenced his studies at Lyons, under Perache, whom he left in 1765 to become the pupil of Coustou, the king’s sculp- | tor, at Paris. In 1768 he went to Rome, where he re- mained four years, to perfect himself in his art In 1779 his statue of “ The Dying Warrior” gained his admission to the Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris. Died in 1804. Among his most admirable productions are “La Baigneuse,” the statues of La Fontaine and Poussin, and copies of Apollo Belvedere and “ The Dying Gladiator,” from the Italian. See J. Lebreton, “Notice historique sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de P. Julien,” 1805. Julien, (Simon,) or Julien of Parma, a French artist, born at Toulon in 1736, studied in Paris under Vanloo, resided ten years at Rome, and after his return was elected a member of the Academy of Painting. He was called Julien the Apostate, because he abandoned the French style. Died in 1800. Julien, (Stanislas,) an eminent French Orientalist, born at Orleans in 1799. He studied under Abel R^- musat, and devoted himself particularly to the Chinese language. He succeeded Abel Remusat as professor of Chinese in 1832, and afterwards became administrator, in the College of France. He made translations from Meng- tseu (Mencius) and other Chinese authors, and pub¬ lished “ Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax and Lexi¬ cography,” (1842.) Julian’s reputation is that of one of the first Chinese scholars of his time. He was a mem¬ ber of the Academy of Inscriptions, and of the principal learned societies of Europe. Among his works is one of great interest, “ Voyages des P&lerins Bouddhistes,” (3 vols., 1853-58,) translated from the Chinese. Died at Paris, February 13, 1873. Julio Romano. See Giulio Romano. Julius [Fr. Jules, zhiil; It. Giulio, joo'le-o] L, a Roman by birth, succeeded Marcus in the papal see in 336. In 340 he convoked a council at Rome to settle the dispute between Athanasius, the orthodox Bishop of Alexandria, and the Arians, who had expelled him from his office. Athanasius appeared; but his enemies called at Antioch a council which condemned him. Julius, finding his interpositions to be in vain, sum¬ moned the General Council of Sardica, which restored the bishop to his see and introduced the custom of appealing to the pope in all ecclesiastical disputes. Died in 352 A.D. Julius EL, (Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere— del'll ro-va'ri,) born in 1441, was elected to the see of Rome upon the death of Pius III., in 1503. Haughty and warlike in his disposition, he immediately turned his ambition to the aggrandizement of the papal authority. He drove Caesar Borgia from the Romagna, and attempted to expel the Venetians from Ravenna, Rimini, and other parts of his dominions. Failing in this, he formed the League of Cambrai with the King of France, the Emperor of Germany, and the Duke of Ferrara, for the destruction of the Venetian republic. Julius, soon discovering, how¬ ever, that he had more to fear from the French than from the Venetians, made a treaty with the latter in 1510, and took the field in person against the French, over whom he gained some slight advantages. In 1512 he allied himself with the English, Spaniards, Swiss, and Venetians, and finally succeeded in expelling the French from Italy. But little was gained by this success ; for the Swiss and Spaniards gave him as much trouble as the French had previously done. He died before these new difficulties were adjusted, in 1513. Julius displayed a great taste for the fine arts. He was the first to commence Saint Peter’s Cathedral at Rome, and was the patron of Michael Angelo, Raphael, and other men of distinction. Leo X. was his successor. See Ranke, “ History of the Popes;” Bruys, “ Histoire det Papes,” 1732; “ La Viedu Pape Jules II,” (anonymous,) Paris, 1515. Julius III., (Cardinal Giocci—jot'chee,) born in 1487 at Arezzo, succeeded Paul III. in February, 1550. His pontificate was marked by quarrels with the King 0 France, the Venetians, and other powers. Died in 1555. See Artaud de Montor. “ Histoire des souverains Pontifes.” Jullian, zhii'le-ftN', (Pierre Louis Pascal,) a French historical writer and politician, born at Montpellier about 1769. He wrote “Fragments historiques,” (1804,) ant “Souvenirs de ma Vie,” (1808.) Died about 1836.