Volume 1

Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas.

  • Joseph Thomas
Date:
1911, ©1908
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: Universal pronouncing dictionary of biography and mythology / by Joseph Thomas. Source: Wellcome Collection.

    1430/1486 (page 1412)
    550 A.D. He wrote a Latin work “On Parts of the Divine Law,” which was printed at Bale in 1545. Ju'nI-us, the assumed name of a political writer who in January, 1769, began to issue, in London, a series of famous letters, which first appeared in Woodfall’s “ Public Advertiser.” Junius opposed the ministry then in power, and denounced several eminent persons with great severity of invective and pungency of sarcasm. His style is eminently pure, terse, and vigorous. These letters had a great popularity, and powerfully promoted the cause of civil liberty. “ The myrmidons of the court,” said Burke, in the House of Commons, “have been long, and are still, pursuing him in vain. They will not spend their time upon me, or you, or you. No: they disdain such vermin when the mighty boar of the forest, that has broken through all their toils, is before them. . . . Kings, Lords, and Commons are but the sport of his fury. Were he a member of this House, what might not be expected from his knowledge, his firmness and integrity 1” Among the numerous persons to whom these letters have been attributed were Sir Philip Fran¬ cis, Lord Chatham, Edmund Burke, Henry Grattan, Colonel Barr^, Gibbon the historian, John Horne Tooke, Horace Walpole, John Wilkes, and Wedderburn, (after¬ wards Lord Loughborough.) The publication of the Letters of Junius continued until January, 1772. In his dedication to the people of England, he said, “ I am the sole depositary of my own secret, and it shall perish with me.” A multitude cf books and essays have been written in the attempt to solve this mystery. But all the efforts in that direction seemed for a long time to be wholly unsuccessful; so much so that a very able lawyer and antiquary, Sir N. H. Nicolas, writing in 1843, declared his conviction that all the Junius-seekers had completely failed in their undertaking. Macaulay, however, in his essay on Warren Hastings, (1841,) says that “the evi¬ dence [against Sir P. Francis] would support a verdict in a civil—nay, in a criminal—proceeding.” At the present time (1885) the question is still doubtful. A great number of circumstances seem to point to Sir Philip Francis as the true Junius. Among the various incidental proofs bearing on this question, one of the most curious is given in “ Lippincott’s Magazine” for January, 1870. But Abraham Hayward has since then adduced strong reasons for rejecting the Francis theory. See John Taylor, “ The Identity of Junius with a Distinguished Living Character Established,” 1816; John Mason Good, “Essay on Junius and his Writings;” Macaulay, review of Gleig’s “Life of \y arren HastingsLord Brougham, article in the “ Edinburgh Review” for November, 1817, (vol. xxix.); “Quarterly Review” for December, 1851; Allibonb, “ Dictionary of Authors;” Hayward, “More about Junius,” 1878. Ju'ni-us, (Francis,) [Fr. Franqois dj Jon, frfiN'- swi' dii zhdN,| a learned Protestant theologian, was born at Bourges, in France, May 1, 1545. He studied at Lyons and Geneva, and was appointed pastor of a Walloon church in Antwerp in 1565, but at length was com¬ pelled to fly to Germany to escape the tortures of the Inquisition. In 1568 he became chaplain to the army of the Prince of Orange. Five years later, at the re¬ quest of the Elector-Palatine, he went to Heidelberg, where, with the assistance of Tremellius, he translated the Old Testament into Latin, (1575-79.) This work, which established his reputation, is known as the version of Junius and Tremellius. He afterwards filled succes¬ sively the chairs of theology at Neustadt, Heidelberg, and Leyden. He wrote numerous works on divinity and the classics. Died at Leyden in October, 1602. See “Vita F. Junii Biturigensis ab ipsomet conscripta,” 1595; Bayle, “Historical and Critical Dictionary;” Nic6ron, “Mi- moires;” F. Gomar, “Oratio funebris in Obitum F. Junii,” 1602. Junius, (Francis or Franciscus,) an eminent phi¬ lologist, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589, and was educated at Leyden. He passed over to England about 1620, and became librarian to Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, with whom he remained thirty years. He devoted his attention chiefly to the study of the Teutonic languages. He published a rare and valu¬ able work,—a translation of the Gospels into the ancient Gothic, (made by Bishop Ulphilas about 360 a.d.,) with a Commentary, (1665.) Junius was the author of a work “On the Painting of the Ancients,” (“De Pictura Veterum,” 1637,) and of an Etymological Dictionary, (“ Etymologicuin Anglicanum,” 1743,) in which he ex¬ plains the derivation and origin of numerous English words. He left his choice collection of manuscripts to the University of Oxford. Died at Windsor in 1677. See Gr^vius, “Life of Francis Junius,” in the 2d edition of hia “ De Pictura Veterum,” 1694 ; Bayle, “ Historical and Critical Dic¬ tionary;” Nio£ron, “Mdmoires;” Wood, “ A then* Oxonienses.” Junius, de, deh yoo'ne-us, or Jonghe, yong'$h, (Adriaan,) a learned Dutch physician, was born at Hoorn, in Friesland, in 1512. He went to England near the close of the reign of Henry VIII., and became physician to the Duke of Norfolk. After the accession of Edward VI. he published a Greek-and-Latin Lexi¬ con, which he dedicated to that sovereign. For this he was severely censured by the Roman pontiff. He WTOte in honour of the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip of Spain a Latin poem entitled “ t*hilippeis.” About 1564 he was appointed physician to the King of Den¬ mark. Died at Middelburg in 1575. As a philologist and linguist his contemporaries regarded him as second only to Erasmus. In addition to the works previously mentioned are his “Nomenclature of All Things,” a vocabulary in seven different languages, several Latin poems and epistles, and various commentaries on the writings of the ancient authors. See P. Scheltema, “Diatribein H. Junii Vitam ingenium et Merita literaria,” 1836. Junker, ydonk'er, or Juniker, yoo'ne-k$r, (Georg Adam,) a teacher and translator, born at Hanau about 1720. He translated numerous German dramas, etc. into French. Died in 1805. Junker, (Wilhelm Johann,) a traveller, born at Moscow, Russia, April 6, 1840. He studied medicine at Gottingen, Berlin, and Prague. He travelled extensively in Tunis, (1874 et seq.,) Egypt, the Upper Nile Valley, and Central Africa. Died February 13, 1892. Junkermann, ydbnk'er-min', (August,) a very pop¬ ular German comic actor, born at Bielefeld, Decembei 15, 1832. He is best known for his renderings of various characters in Fritz Reuter’s works, which have been dramatized for him, and, in part, by himself. He has played chieflly in Treves and Stuttgart. Junk'in, (George,) D.D., LL.D., an American Pres¬ byterian divine, born at New Kingston, Pennsylvania, November 1, 1790. He graduated at Jefferson College (in Western Pennsylvania) in 1813, and was ordained in 1819, was made president of Lafayette College in 1832, was president of Miami University from 1841 to 1844, and of Washington College, Lexington, Virginia, from 1848 to 1861. In his numerous published works he was an active defender of the Old School theology. Died in Philadelphia, May 20, 1868. Ju'no, [f r. Junon, zhii'ndN'; It. Giunone, joo-no'- n«L,l a goddess of the Roman mythology, called the queen of heaven and the wife of Jupiter, corresponding to the Greek Hera, (*Hpa or Hp?/.) She was regarded as the protecting deity of the female sex, and as the patroness of marriage and maternity. She was surnamed Matrona and Regina, and was worshipped by the Roman women at an annual festival called Matronalia. As the patroness of marriage, she was called Pronuba, Gamelia, Jugalis or Juga, and various other names. Her aid was implored by women in childbirth under the name of Lucina, (which see.) She is usually represented as a majestic woman, crowned, with her favourite bird, the peacock, near her. The name Juno is in all probability related etymologically to the Sanscrit word Ydnf,* signifying “matrix,” and hence denoting maternity and femineity. See Smith, “Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology;” Keightley, “Mythology,” article “Hera;” Gui- gniaut, “Religions de l’Antiquit^,” vol. 11. chap, ii. Junon. See Juno. * It is scarcely necessary to remind the etymologist how nearly u is related to o: in Arabic and Persian they have but a single letter to represent both; in Norwegian and Swedish there is but little differ¬ ence in the pronunciation of the two vowels, o being pronounced pre¬ cisely like the Italian or German u. J (i.e., i consonant) in the Latin (as it does in many of the modern languages) corresponded to our r. The terminal o in funo is merely the feminine termination so common in Greek and Latin proper names.