The topographical anatomy of the head and neck of the horse / [O. Charnock Bradley].
- Orlando Charnock Bradley
- Date:
- 1923
Licence: In copyright
Credit: The topographical anatomy of the head and neck of the horse / [O. Charnock Bradley]. Source: Wellcome Collection.
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![two halves of the mandible, where it is supported by the mylo-glossal and mylo-hyoid muscles. In its anterior half the tongue is flattened Jorso-ventrally, but posteriorly it is so thickened that a transverse section presents a triangular outline. The broadest part is close to the anterior extremity. It is customary to divide the tongue into three parts. The main mass is known as the body (corpus lingum), the ti}? or apex (apex linguae) is the blunt, free extremity, and may be separated from the body by an imaginary transverse line drawn on a level with the first premolar tooth ; the root (radix lingum) is the fixed part that is connected by muscles and mucous membrane to the mandible, hyoid bone, pharynx, epiglottis and soft palate. While the body of the tongue possesses three surfaces—dorsal and two lateral—separated by rounded borders, the tip, because of the aforementioned flattening, has only dorsal and ventral surfaces bounded by thick, lateral margins. The term dorsum ^ linguce is applied to that surface of the tongue which, when the organ is at rest, is in contact with the hard and soft palates. In some animals, e.g., the dog, the dorsum is divided longitud¬ inally into two lateral halves by a median sulcus. This groove is absent in the horse. The whole of the dorsum and lateral borders is thickly studded with elevations of the mucous membrane, the lingual papilla'^ (papillae linguales), of which four kinds can be distinguished, namely, filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate. The filiform ^ papillm (papillae filiformes) are most numerous, and occur over the whole of the dorsum and on the borders of the tip. They are small, thread-like and soft, and produce the characteristic velvety appearance of the tongue of the horse. The fungiform‘s jxipillce (papillae fungiformes), less numerous than the filiform, occur principally on the tip and borders and on the lateral surface of the body of the tongue. They are shaped somewhat like mushrooms, and can be distinguished readily by their rounded form and pale colour. The vallate^ papillce (papilhe vallatae) are two in number, and occur on the posterior part of the dorsum, one on each side of the middle line, about 2A-3 cm. apart. Each vallate papilla is large, with a slightly constricted base and a flattened tubercular crown that reaches a little above the general level of the mucous membrane Around each papilla there is a circular fossa with an outer wall known as the vallum. Occasionally there is a third vallate papilla, of smaller size, placed in the middle line behind the other two. The foliate ^ 1 Dorsum [L.], the back. 2 Pa'piUa [L.], a nipple. 2 Filum [L.], a thread. Forma [L.], form. ^ Fungus [L.], a mushroom. ^ Vallatus [L.], walled [vallum., a wall, rampart). ® Foliatus [L.], leaved [folium, a leaf).](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b29820066_0096.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
