The vocabulary of philosophy, mental, moral, and metaphysical : with quotations and references for the use of students / by William Fleming ; edited by Henry Calderwood.
- Date:
- 1876
Licence: Public Domain Mark
Credit: The vocabulary of philosophy, mental, moral, and metaphysical : with quotations and references for the use of students / by William Fleming ; edited by Henry Calderwood. Source: Wellcome Collection.
Provider: This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
35/590
![ANALOGY and EXPERIENCE— In Logic, three inodes of reasoning are called analogical.—1. From effect to cause, or from cause to effect. 2. From means to ends, or from ends to means. 3. From mere resemblance or concomitance. Condillac (Art de Raissoner) has shown how these modes of reasoning all concur to prove that the human beings around us, who are formed like ourselves (analogy of resemblance), who act as we act (analogy of cause), who have the same organs (analogy of means), should be in all respects like ourselves, and have the same faculties. Analogy and Induction.—“ There are two requisites in order to every analogical argument:—1. That the two several particulars concerned in the argument should be known to agree in some one point; for otherwise they could not be referable to any one class, and there would consequently be no basis to the subsequent inference drawn in the conclusion. 2. That the conclusion must be modified by a reference to the circumstances of the particular to •which we argue. For herein consists the essential distinction between an analogical and an inductive argument.”—Hampden, Essay on Phil. Evid. of Christianity, pp. 60-64. Locke, On Hum. Understand., bk. iv. ch. 16, sec. 12 ; Beattie’s Essay on Truth, part i. ch. 2, sec. 7 ; Stewart’s Elements, vol. ii. ch. 4, sec. 4 ; Stewart’s Essays, v. c. 3. ANALYSIS and SYNTHESIS («»« 7.vo>, avv rl^Yifu, resolutio, compositio), or decomposition and recomposition. [In mental philosophy, the resolution of our experience into its simple or original elements, and the reconstruction of these with full regard to their relations in the mental state to which they belong.—Ed.] Objects of sense and of thought are presented to us in a complex state, but we can only, or at least best, understand what is simple. Among the varied objects of a landscape, I behold a tree, I separate it from the other objects, I examine separately its different parts—trunk, branches, leaves, &c., and then reuniting them into one whole I form a notion of the tree. The first part of this process is analyds, the second is synthesis. If this must be done with an indi- vidual, it is more necessary with the infinitude of objects which surround us, to evolve the one out of many, to recall the multitude to unity. We compare objects with one another to see wherein they agree; we next, by a synthetical](https://iiif.wellcomecollection.org/image/b2199531x_0035.jp2/full/800%2C/0/default.jpg)
