Volume 2

A history of philosophy, from Thales to the present time / by Friedrich Ueberweg ; trans. by Geo. S. Morris ; with additions by Noah Porter.

  • Friedrich Ueberweg
Date:
1875-
Catalogue details

Licence: Public Domain Mark

Credit: A history of philosophy, from Thales to the present time / by Friedrich Ueberweg ; trans. by Geo. S. Morris ; with additions by Noah Porter. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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    a PIUjlOKOPHY of MODEEN times its three PRmCIPAli EIVISIOJSIS. Der Entwickelungsgang der ntum-n Speculation, ala Einletiung in die PhUoaophie der OeacMctile kriliach dargeatellt, Bonn, 1857. Jnlina Schaller (Loipslc, 1841-44) trcata especially of the History of Natural Philosophy since the time of Bacon. Jnlins Banmann treats of the doctrines of space, time, and mathe- matics in modem philosophy (Ueber die Lehren von Raum, Zeit und MaUiematik in der neueren PhUoaophie, Berlin, 1868-69). Ludwig Noack has written on the Christian Mystics since the age of the Beformation (Konigsberg 1863), and on the English, French, and German Free-Thinkers (Bern, 1863-66); Will. Edw. Hartpole Lecky, Hialory of the Riae and Influence of the Spirit of Rationaliam in Europe, 1st and 2d eds., London, 1865 ; 3d cd., 1866 [New York, 186^ ; (German translation, by Heinr. Jolowicz, under the title: Oeachichte der ErkVirung, etc., 2 vols., Leipsic, 1867-68). Of. H. Dean, Tlte niatorg of CivUitation, New York and London, 1869. The history of Ethics in modem times is specially discussed by J. Matter, Hiatoire dea doctrinea moralea el politiquea dea trots demiera aieclea, Paris, 1836; H. F. W. Hinrichs, Geach. der Rechta- und Staataprincipien eeit der Reformation, Leipsic, 1848-62; I. Herm. Fichte, Die philos. Lehren von Rechi, Stoat und Sitte aeit der Mitte dea 18. Jahrhunderta, Leipsic, 1860; F. Vorliindcr, Oeachichte der philoa. Moral, Rechta- und Staatalehre der Englander und Framosen mil Einachluaa dea Macchiaveu, Marburg, 1865. [Sir J. Mackintosh, Gen. View of progress of Eth. Pliil., etc., Lend., 3d ed.. 1862; Phil., 1832; W. Whewell, Lectures on Hist, of Mor. FhU. in Eng., Lond., 1862; R. Blakoy, Hist, of Mor. Science, 2d ed., Edin., 1836.] Simon B. Laurie, Notes Expositorgarul Gritlcal on Certain British Theories of Morals, Edin- burgh, 1868. Robert von Mohl (in hlB Oesch. und Litt. der Staaiawisaenschoflen, in Monngraphien dargeatellt, Vols. I.-HL, Erlangen, 1865-58), and J. C. Bluntschli (Geach, dea allgem. Staatsrechta uitu der Politik aeit dem 16. Jahrh. Ms zur Oegenuart, Munich 1864; VoL I. Hist of Sciences, etc.) treat also of the philosophical theories of politics. The History of TRsthetics in Germany, by H. Lotze, occupies the seventh volume of the Oesch. der Wlss. in Deutschland, Munich, 1868. Important contributions to the history of philosophy are contained in various works on the history of litera- ture, such as Gervinus’ Oeachichte der po'etiachen Nalionalliueratur der Deutachen, Hillebrand’s Oeachichte der deutachen Nationallttteratur aeit Leasing, Julian Schmidt’s Qeachichte dea geiatigen Lebens in Deutschland von Leibnitz bis auf Leasing'a Tod, and Oesch. der deutachen Lttt. aeit Leasinfa Tode, and Oesch. derfranz. Litteratur aeit der Revolution im Jahr 1789, Aug. Koberstein’s Orundriss der Oesch. der deutachen Nationallitteratur, Herm. Hettner’s LUteraturgeach. dea 18. Jahrhunderta, also in works on the history of pedagogics,—such as those by Earl von Raumer, Karl Schmidt and others,—the State and law (see above), and on theology and the natural sciences. Abundant literary references may bo found in Gumposcb, Die philoa. Litt. der Deutachen von 1400 bis 1860, Regensburg 1861, as also in tho other works cited above, VoL I., § 4. Works relating to particular epochs, especially to the most modem philosophy, since the time of Kant will bo men- tioned below. Unity, servitude, freedom—these are the three stages through which the philosophy of the Christian era has passed, in its relation to ecclesiastical theology. The stage of freedom corresponds with the general character of the modem era, which seeks to restore, in place of mediaival antagonisms, harmonious unity (cf. above, Vol. I., §§ 5 and 72). Freedom of thought in respect of form and substance has been secured gradudUy by modem philosophy. The first movement in this direction consisted in a mere exchange of authorities, or in the reproduction of other ancient systems than that of Aristotle, without such modification and such adaptation to new and changed condi- tions, os the scholastics had effected in the system of Aristotle. Then followed the era of independent investigation in the realm of nature, and finally, also, in the realm of mind. There was a transitional period marked by the endeavor of philosophy to become independent. The second epoch, the epoch of Empiricism and Dogmatism, was characterised by methodical investigations and comprehensive systems, which were based on the confident belief that the knowledge of natural and spiritaal reality was independently attainable by means of experience or thought alone. Skepticism prepared the way for the third stadium in the history of modem philosophy, which was founded by Criticism. According to the critical philosophy, the investigation of the cognitive faculty of man is the necessary basis for all strictly scientifio philosophizing, and the result arrived at by it is, that thought is incompetent to the cogmtion of the real world in its tme nature, and that it must be restricted to the world of phenomena, beyond which tho only guide is man’s moral consciousness. This result has been Icnied by the following systems, although these systems are all lineal descendants from