A dictionary of Islam : being a cyclopaedia of the doctrines, rites, ceremonies, and customs, together with the technical and theological terms, of the Muhammadan religion / by Thomas Patrick Hughes.

Thomas Patrick Hughes

Date:: 1885

Credit: A dictionary of Islam : being a cyclopaedia of the doctrines, rites, ceremonies, and customs, together with the technical and theological terms, of the Muhammadan religion / by Thomas Patrick Hughes. Source: Wellcome Collection.

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$him who disbelioveth: I will make him to enjoy a supply of food in this world, a little while: then I will force him. in the world to come, to the punishment of the fire; and evil shall be the transit.” (Surah ii. 118-120.) “ And remember when Abraham was raising the foundations of the House (that is, build- ing it), together with Ishmacl, and they said, 0 our Lord, accept of us our building; for Thou art the Hearer of what is said, the Kuower of what is done. 0 our Lord, also make us resigned unto Tlieo, and make from among our offspring a peoplo resigned unto Thee, and show us our rites (the ordinances of our worship, or our pilgrimage), and be pro- pitious towards us; for Thou art the Very Propitious, the Merciful. (They begged Ilim to be propitious to them, notwithstanding their honesty, from a motive of humility, and by way of instruction to their offspring.) 0 our Lord, also send unto them (that is, the people of the House) an apostle from among them (and God hath answered their prayer by sending Muham- mad), who shall recite unto thorn Thy signs (the Qur’an), and shall teach them the book (the Qur’an), and the knowlege that it con- taineth, and shall purify them from polytheism ; for Thou art the Mighty, the Wise.—And who will be averse from the religion of Abraham but he who makoth his soul foolish, who is ignorant that it is God’s creation, and that the ivorship of Him is incumbent on it; or who lightly esteemeth it and applieth it to vile purposes; when We have chosen him in this world as an apostle and a friend, and he shall bo in the world to come one of the righteous for whom are high ranks ?—And remember when his Lord said unto him, Resign thyself:—he replied, I resign myself unto the Lord of the worlds.—And Abraham commanded his chil- dren to follow it (namely, the religion); and Jacob, his children; saying, 0 my children, verily God hath chosen for you the religion of al-Islam ; therefore die not without your being Muslims.—It was a prohibition from abandoning Islam and a command to persevere therein unto death.’’ (Surah ii. 121-126.) “ When the. Jews said, Abraham was a Jew, and we are of his religion,—and the Christians said the like, [the following] was revealed:— 0 people of the Scripture, wherefore do ye arguo respecting Abraham, asserting that he was of your religion, when the Pentateuch and the Gospel were not sent down but after him a long time? Do yo not then understand the falsity of your saying? So ye, 0 people, have argued respecting that of which ye havo knowledge, concerning Moses and Jesus, and have asserted that ye are of their religion: then wherefore do ye argue respecting that of which ye have no knowledge, concerning Abraham? But God knoweth his case, and ye know it not. Abraham was not a Jew nor a Christian: but he was orthodox, a Muslim [or one resigned], a Unitarian, and ho was not of the polytheists.” (Surah iii. 58-60.) ABSCONDING OF SLAVES. Arabic Ibuq (jb^). An absconded mala or female slave is called Abiq, but an infant slave who leaves his home is termed zdll, a word which is also used for an adult slave who has strayed. The apprehension of a fugitive slave is a laudable act, and the person who seizes him should bring him bo- fore the magistrate and receive a reward of forty dirhams. (Hamilton’s Hidayah, vol. ii. p. 278.) ABSTINENCE. Arabic Taqwd (Jsyo). Is very frequently enjoined in the Qur’an. The word generally applies to abstinence from idolatry in the first instance, but it is used to express a life of piety. An excessive abstinence and a life of asceticism are condemned in the Qur’an, and the Chris- tians are charged with the invention of the monastic life. (Surah lvii. 27.) “ As for the monastic life, they invented it themselves.” [monasticism, fasting.] ABU ‘ABDI ’LLAH (<d5U^ ^)- Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukharl, the author of the well-known collection of traditions re- ceived by the Sunnis, [bukhari.] ABU ‘ABDI ’LLAH AHMAD IBN HANBAL y>\). [hanbal.] ABU ‘ABDI ’LLAH IBN ANAS (^1 ^ [malik.] ABU ‘ABDI ’LLAH MUHAM- MAD IBN AL-HASAN (4^4* yo a*^»). Known as Imam Muhammad. Born at Wasit, a city in Arabian ‘Iraq, a.h. 132. He studied under the great Imam Abu Hanlfah, and had also studied under Imam Malik for three years. He is cele- brated as one of the disciples of the Imam Abu Hanlfah, from whom he occasionally differs, as is seen in the Hidayah. He died at Rai, in Khurasan, where his tomb is still to be seen, a.ii. 189. ABU BAKR (;io yi\). Of the origin of his name, there are various explana- tions. Some think that it means “ the father of the maiden,” and that ho received this title because he was the father of ‘Ayishah, whom Muhammad married when she was only nine years old. His original name was ‘Abdu ’1-Ka‘bah (which the Prophet changed into ‘Abdu ’llah) Ibn Abl Quhafah. He was the first Khalifah, or successor of Muhammad. [siii‘ah.] Muhammadan writers praise him for the purity of his life, and call him a$- Siddiq, the Veracious. Ho only reigned two years, and died August 22nd, a.d. 634. ABU DA’UD (J;W ?\). Sulaiman Ibn al-Ash’as al-Sijistanl; bom at al-Basrali a.h. 202, and died a.h. 275. The compiler of one of the six correct books of Sunni tradi- tions, called the Sunnan A hi Da’ud, which con- tains 4,008 traditions, said to have been care- fully collated from 500,000. [traditions.] ABU HANIFAH (yU^ Abu Hanlfah an-Nu‘man is the great Sunni Imam and jurisconsult, and the founder of$