Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called CATHODE RAYS.
    

concept

A history of the question: Can free electrons be polarized? / Olivier Darrigol.

Future labs : the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.

Modern views on matter / [Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge].

J.J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron / E.A. Davis and I.J. Falconer.

Ions, electrons, and ionizing radiations / by James Arnold Crowther.

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Electrons

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A history of the question: Can free electrons be polarized? / Olivier Darrigol.

Future labs : the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.

Modern views on matter / [Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge].

J.J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron / E.A. Davis and I.J. Falconer.

Ions, electrons, and ionizing radiations / by James Arnold Crowther.