Castration resistant prostate cancer, human tissue

Multicolour immunofluorescence staining of human tissue from a castration resistant prostate cancer patient. The prostate cancer cells (bottom left and top of image) express both androgen receptor (red) and intermediate filament proteins (yellow). They extend into the bladder (yellow only; middle left to bottom centre of image) and are surrounded by white blood cells (cyan/light blue) that are infiltrating into the area. Cell nuclei (dark blue) are also visible. In men with castration-resistant disease, the cancer is able to continue growing despite lowering hormone androgen levels either by surgically removing the testicles or with medication that stop the testicles from making androgens or that block their effect on the body. Width of image is approximately 690 micrometres.