Chain, Professor Sir Ernst Boris

The papers are very extensive though there are some lacunae, probably attributable to Chain's many changes of workplace. The early biographical period is sparsely documented, there are sporadic gaps in the correspondence files, and there is no original documentation of the penicillin research at Oxford (although there are many historical accounts and much correspondence about the history of penicillin). The surviving biographical material provides documentation of the arrangements for Chain to live and work in Britain, later honours and awards and his musical interests, and family correspondence, photographs and press-cuttings. There are very substantial records of his later career at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità and Imperial College, London, including his continuing contributions to biochemical problems such as carbohydrate metabolism, ergot alkaloids, edible proteins and aeration studies.

The Imperial College material also contains records of the creation, administration, finance and architectural design of the Biochemistry Department, and developments in the Department after Chain's statutory retirement in 1973.

Additional information about Chain's research is available in the documentation of his very extensive consultancy agreements and collaborative work with industrial firms such as Astra, Beechams and Rank Hovis McDougall, and records relating to government, grant-giving and charitable bodies such as the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research Campaign and Medical Research Council which contributed to the funding of his research. There is much material on Chain's lectures, addresses and broadcasts, and on his extensive travel on visits and conferences, which includes a substantial number of unpublished talks.

An exceptional feature of the Chain papers is the documentation of the large number of Israel and Jewish organisations with which he was associated, especially the Weizmann Institute of Science, where he was a governor for many years and had one time considered taking up an appointment.

The papers are chiefly in English but also in part in Russian, German, French and Italian.

By section as follows:

A. Biographical and personal,

B. Research at Cambridge and Oxford,

C. Istituto Superiore di Sanità,

D. Imperial College London,

E. Societies and organisations,

F. Industrial consultancies and collaborative research,

G. Lectures, publications, addresses and broadcasts,

H. Israel and Jewish organisations,

J. Visits and conferences,

K. General correspondence.

These papers were placed in the library at Wellcome Collection in 1983 by the Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre (now the National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists); the CSAC had received them for cataloguing from Lady Chain, the widow of Sir Ernst Chain, 1979-1983 (CMAC accession no. 126).

J Sheppard, "The Chain Papers", Medical History, 1983, 27: 434-435.

In other repositories:

Letters to Dorothy Hodgkin, 1945-1962, Oxford University: Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts (Reference: NCUACS 47/3/94);

Correspondence with Hans Krebs, 1956-1975, Sheffield University Library (Reference: J 105-07);

Letters to Sir Rudolph Peters, 1956-1969, Oxford University: Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts (Reference: CSAC85/3/82);

Letters to Sir Robert Robinson, 1973-1974, Royal Society (Reference: ROR);

Correspondence relating to Society for Protection of Science and Learning, 1933-1964, Oxford University: Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts (Reference: SPSL).

Some material remains with the Chain family.

Original catalogue by NCUACS. Metadata copyright: National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists, 1987-2009. All Rights Reserved. Collection-level description based on that created by NCUACS, University of Bath, with amendments by Helen Wakely, Wellcome Library. Hard-copy complete catalogue typed by Tracy Tillotson, 2009, and converted to database form by Christopher Hilton, 2009-2010.

Chain was born in 1906 in Berlin where his Russian-born father, an industrial chemist, had settled. Both his parents were Jewish. He graduated in chemistry and physiology from the Friedrich-Wilhelm University, Berlin, Germany in 1930 and undertook research in the chemical department of the Institute of Pathology at the Charité Hospital, Berlin, 1930-1933. He was a talented pianist and music competed with chemistry in his thoughts about a career.

In 1933 Chain became one of the many refugees from Nazi Germany, finding refuge in Britain. From 1933 to 1935 he worked in Cambridge at the School of Biochemistry under Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, moving in 1935 to the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford. Here he took part in the research and development of penicillin for which he shared with A. Fleming and H.W. Florey the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.

In 1948 he moved to the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy as Scientific Director of the International Research Centre for Chemical Microbiology, remaining there until 1964 when, after protracted negotiations, he took up the Chair of Biochemistry at Imperial College, London.

He retired in 1973 but retained Research Fellowships until his death in 1979. He was elected FRS in 1949 and knighted in 1969.

Copyright is still held by the Chain family. Readers wishing to copy extensively and/or to publish should contact the family via the Archives and Manuscripts department.

Catalogued by Jeannine Alton and Julia Latham-Jackons of the Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre, 1983 (Printed Catalogue of the papers and correspondence of Sir Ernst Boris Chain: CSAC catalogue no. 92/2/83, 439 pp. Copies available from NCUACS, University of Bath).